The quality of gasoline and diesel fuel affects pollutant emissions from vehicles. By applying the COMPLEX model, developed by the US EPA and industry to relate fuel composition to vehicle emissions, this paper estima...The quality of gasoline and diesel fuel affects pollutant emissions from vehicles. By applying the COMPLEX model, developed by the US EPA and industry to relate fuel composition to vehicle emissions, this paper estimates the influence of improvements in gasoline quality to lower vehicular NOx emissions. A case study is performed for Guangzhou City that has NOx concentrations significantly above the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The paper discusses the potential for reducing NOx in Guangzhou by improving the quality of gasoline.展开更多
To pursue the goal of sustainable mobility,two main paths can be considered:the electrification of vehicles and the use of biofuels,replacing fossil fuels,in internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles.This paper proposes...To pursue the goal of sustainable mobility,two main paths can be considered:the electrification of vehicles and the use of biofuels,replacing fossil fuels,in internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles.This paper proposes an analysis of different possible scenarios for automobiles towards a CO_(2)-neutral energy system,in the path of the use of biofuels and the production,distribution and use of biomethane.The study,an update of work presented previously,focuses on different scenarios that take into account numerous parameters that affect the overall efficiency of the production-and-use process.A Well-to-Wheel analysis is used to estimate the primary energy savings and reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions compared both to the use of fossil-based methane and to other fuels and automotive technologies.In particular,the study shows that the Non-Renewable Primary Energy Consumption(NRPEC)for biomethane is slightly higher(+9%)than that of biodiesel,but significantly lower than those of all the other power trains analysed:-69%compared to the battery electric vehicle(BEV)and-55%compared to bioethanol.Compared to the use of fossil natural gas,the NRPEC is reduced to just over a third(2.81).With regard to CO_(2) emissions,biomethane has the lowest values:-69%compared to BEV,-176%compared to bioethanol and-124%with respect to biodiesel.Compared to the use of fossil natural gas,the CO_(2) emissions are reduced over a third(3.55).Moreover,the paper shows that biomethane can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles in Italy,proposing two different hypotheses:maximum production and minimum production.It is evident,therefore,that biomethane production can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles:this means that the use of biomethane in the car can lead to a reduction in NRPEC equal to 28.9×10^(6) GJ/year and a reduction of CO_(2) emissions equal to 1.9×10^(6) t/year.展开更多
Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source.A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains.The objective of this study is ...Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source.A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains.The objective of this study is to carry out an economic,environmental and energy(EEE)life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conven-tional gasoline in an abundant region of China.A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE,in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas(CNG),methanol,dimethy-lether(DME)and Fischer Tropsch diesel(FTD).The study included fuel production,vehicle production,vehicle opera-tion,infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system.A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline.Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources.Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale,direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an eco-nomical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly.The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles,and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing.The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.展开更多
基金TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)CPR 96 30 5 A 0 1 99
文摘The quality of gasoline and diesel fuel affects pollutant emissions from vehicles. By applying the COMPLEX model, developed by the US EPA and industry to relate fuel composition to vehicle emissions, this paper estimates the influence of improvements in gasoline quality to lower vehicular NOx emissions. A case study is performed for Guangzhou City that has NOx concentrations significantly above the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The paper discusses the potential for reducing NOx in Guangzhou by improving the quality of gasoline.
文摘To pursue the goal of sustainable mobility,two main paths can be considered:the electrification of vehicles and the use of biofuels,replacing fossil fuels,in internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles.This paper proposes an analysis of different possible scenarios for automobiles towards a CO_(2)-neutral energy system,in the path of the use of biofuels and the production,distribution and use of biomethane.The study,an update of work presented previously,focuses on different scenarios that take into account numerous parameters that affect the overall efficiency of the production-and-use process.A Well-to-Wheel analysis is used to estimate the primary energy savings and reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions compared both to the use of fossil-based methane and to other fuels and automotive technologies.In particular,the study shows that the Non-Renewable Primary Energy Consumption(NRPEC)for biomethane is slightly higher(+9%)than that of biodiesel,but significantly lower than those of all the other power trains analysed:-69%compared to the battery electric vehicle(BEV)and-55%compared to bioethanol.Compared to the use of fossil natural gas,the NRPEC is reduced to just over a third(2.81).With regard to CO_(2) emissions,biomethane has the lowest values:-69%compared to BEV,-176%compared to bioethanol and-124%with respect to biodiesel.Compared to the use of fossil natural gas,the CO_(2) emissions are reduced over a third(3.55).Moreover,the paper shows that biomethane can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles in Italy,proposing two different hypotheses:maximum production and minimum production.It is evident,therefore,that biomethane production can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles:this means that the use of biomethane in the car can lead to a reduction in NRPEC equal to 28.9×10^(6) GJ/year and a reduction of CO_(2) emissions equal to 1.9×10^(6) t/year.
基金This work was supported by the Chongqing Municipal Planning and Development Commission,Ford Motor Company as well as Changan Automobile(Group)Corporation.
文摘Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source.A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains.The objective of this study is to carry out an economic,environmental and energy(EEE)life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conven-tional gasoline in an abundant region of China.A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE,in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas(CNG),methanol,dimethy-lether(DME)and Fischer Tropsch diesel(FTD).The study included fuel production,vehicle production,vehicle opera-tion,infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system.A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline.Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources.Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale,direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an eco-nomical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly.The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles,and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing.The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.
