For efficient use of value stream mapping(VSM)for multi-varieties and small batch production in a data-rich environment enabled by Industry 4.0 technologies,a systematic framework of VSM to rejuvenate traditional lean...For efficient use of value stream mapping(VSM)for multi-varieties and small batch production in a data-rich environment enabled by Industry 4.0 technologies,a systematic framework of VSM to rejuvenate traditional lean tools is proposed.It addresses the issue that traditional VSM requires intensive on-site investigation and replies on experience,which hinders decisionmaking efficiency in dynamic and complex environments.The proposed framework follows the data-information-knowledge hierarchy model,and demonstrates how data can be collected in a production workshop,processed into information,and then interpreted into knowledge.In this paper,the necessity and limitations of VSM in automated root cause analysis are first discussed,with a literature review on lean production tools,especially VSM and VSM-based decision making in Industry 4.0.An implementation case of a furniture manufacturer in China is presented,where decision tree algorithm was used for automated root cause analysis.The results indicate that automated VSM can make good use of production data to cater for multi-varieties and small batch production with timely on-site waste identification and analysis.The proposed framework is also suggested as a guideline to renew other lean tools for reliable and efficient decision-making.展开更多
This study aims to investigate how auditors’reliance on artificial intelligence(AI)impacts their professional scepticism in the French auditing profession.While artificial intelligence offers benefits,like improved a...This study aims to investigate how auditors’reliance on artificial intelligence(AI)impacts their professional scepticism in the French auditing profession.While artificial intelligence offers benefits,like improved audit efficiency,concerns arise regarding its potential to reduce scepticism.Using a multiple regression approach with maximum likelihood estimation,we analyzed 107 responses from external auditors.The findings reveal a significant positive association between AI reliance and professional scepticism,moderated by trait scepticism.The study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the complex interplay between technological adoption and individual judgment in auditing.It offers insights into the French context and emphasizes the importance of understanding how AI affects professional scepticism among auditors.Additionally,the findings underscore the crucial role of individual auditor traits,such as scepticism levels,in shaping their responses to technological advancements in auditing practices.展开更多
Compiler is a program whose functionality is to translate a computer program written in source language into an equivalent machine code. Compiler construction is an advanced research area because of its size and compl...Compiler is a program whose functionality is to translate a computer program written in source language into an equivalent machine code. Compiler construction is an advanced research area because of its size and complexity. The source codes are in higher level languages which are usually complex and, consequently, increase the level of abstraction. Due to such reasons, design and construction of error free compiler is a challenge of the twenty first century. Verification of a source program does not guarantee about correctness of code generated because the bugs in compiler may lead to an incorrect target program. Therefore, verification of compiler is more important than verifying the source programs. Lexical analyzer is a main phase of compiler used for scanning input and grouping into sequence of tokens. In this paper, formal construction of deterministic finite automata (DFA) based on regular expression is presented as a part of lexical analyzer. At first, syntax tree is described based on the augmented regular expression. Then formal description of important operators, checking nullability and computing first and last positions of internal nodes of the tree is described. In next, the transition diagram is described from the follow positions and converted into deterministic finite automata by defining a relationship among syntax tree, transition diagram and DFA. Formal specification of the procedure is described using Z notation and model analysis is provided using Z/Eves toolset.展开更多
Some wafer fabrication processes performed by cluster tools require revisiting. With wafer revisiting, a cluster tool is very difficult to be scheduled due to a large number of possible schedules for the revisiting pr...Some wafer fabrication processes performed by cluster tools require revisiting. With wafer revisiting, a cluster tool is very difficult to be scheduled due to a large number of possible schedules for the revisiting process. Atomic layer deposition （ALD） is a typical process with wafer revisiting that should be performed by cluster tools. This paper discusses the scheduling problem of single-arm cluster tools for the ALD process. In scheduling such a system, the most difficult part is to schedule the revisiting process such that the cycle time is minimized. Thus, this paper studies the revisiting process of ALD with revisiting times k = 3, 4, and 5, and analytical expressions are obtained to calculate the cycle time for the k possible schedules. Then, the schedule with the minimal cycle time is the optimal one. In this way, the scheduling problem of such a revisiting process becomes very simple and this is a significant improvement in scheduling cluster tools with wafer revisiting. Illustrative example is presented to show the application of the proposed method.展开更多
Disabled people encounter many barriers while attempting to access the services on the web. Nevertheless, many tools, which could help them to access the web, are available. E-commerce websites have been also intensiv...Disabled people encounter many barriers while attempting to access the services on the web. Nevertheless, many tools, which could help them to access the web, are available. E-commerce websites have been also intensively and widely used. The e-commerce market in Saudi Arabia will hit $13.3 billion by 2015. This huge investment requires e-commerce websites to be accessible by different types of users. This paper explores the tools that usually used by disabled users while using the web. It also discusses a number of available tools that help designers, developers and testers to assess web accessibility. It also evaluates the accessibility of 3 popular Arab e- commerce websites using 5 accessibility testing tools;namely Achecker, TAW, Eval Access, MAUVE and FAE. This research has found that Most accessibility guidelines are covered by Achecker tool. Navigation, readability, input assistance and timing are the common found accessibility problems while assessing the accessibility of the targeted websites. It has been also revealed that HTML can influence accessibility evaluation as HTML errors are considered as accessibility problems. It has been clearly observed that improvements are needed for better web accessibility, although some tools did report a small number of accessibility problems for some websites.展开更多
新类型新版本的手机应用数量与日俱增,使得传统的人工测试方法已经无法负荷,因此需要研究人员提出更加有效的自动化测试方法。在自动化测试的过程中,Android应用程序的GUI(Graphical User Interface),即图形用户界面,发挥着极其重要的作...新类型新版本的手机应用数量与日俱增,使得传统的人工测试方法已经无法负荷,因此需要研究人员提出更加有效的自动化测试方法。在自动化测试的过程中,Android应用程序的GUI(Graphical User Interface),即图形用户界面,发挥着极其重要的作用,GUI自动化测试凭借其出色的测试覆盖率和故障检测性能,成为研究人员的重点研究对象。文中对当前GUI自动化测试的相关研究进行梳理和总结,选取其中有代表性、普遍性的自动化测试框架进行详细剖析,从测试策略、探索策略、错误报告、是否支持重放、测试环境、支持的事件类型、是否使用APP源码、是否开源、系统事件识别方法几个方面来对挑选出的自动化测试工具进行相应的分类、分析与对比。同时选取部分有代表性的自动化测试框架进行对比实验,以探究测试效率以及各自的优缺点。最后提出当前研究所面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景。展开更多
An automated environment is presented which aids the software engineers in developing data pro- cessing systems by using rapid prototyping techniques.The environment is being developed on VAX sta- tion.It can render g...An automated environment is presented which aids the software engineers in developing data pro- cessing systems by using rapid prototyping techniques.The environment is being developed on VAX sta- tion.It can render good support to the specification of the requirements and the rapid creation of proto- type.The goal,the methodology,the general structure of the environment and two sub-systems are discussed.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72071179 and 51805479)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY19E050019)the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China(No.Z135060009002)。
文摘For efficient use of value stream mapping(VSM)for multi-varieties and small batch production in a data-rich environment enabled by Industry 4.0 technologies,a systematic framework of VSM to rejuvenate traditional lean tools is proposed.It addresses the issue that traditional VSM requires intensive on-site investigation and replies on experience,which hinders decisionmaking efficiency in dynamic and complex environments.The proposed framework follows the data-information-knowledge hierarchy model,and demonstrates how data can be collected in a production workshop,processed into information,and then interpreted into knowledge.In this paper,the necessity and limitations of VSM in automated root cause analysis are first discussed,with a literature review on lean production tools,especially VSM and VSM-based decision making in Industry 4.0.An implementation case of a furniture manufacturer in China is presented,where decision tree algorithm was used for automated root cause analysis.The results indicate that automated VSM can make good use of production data to cater for multi-varieties and small batch production with timely on-site waste identification and analysis.The proposed framework is also suggested as a guideline to renew other lean tools for reliable and efficient decision-making.
文摘This study aims to investigate how auditors’reliance on artificial intelligence(AI)impacts their professional scepticism in the French auditing profession.While artificial intelligence offers benefits,like improved audit efficiency,concerns arise regarding its potential to reduce scepticism.Using a multiple regression approach with maximum likelihood estimation,we analyzed 107 responses from external auditors.The findings reveal a significant positive association between AI reliance and professional scepticism,moderated by trait scepticism.The study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the complex interplay between technological adoption and individual judgment in auditing.It offers insights into the French context and emphasizes the importance of understanding how AI affects professional scepticism among auditors.Additionally,the findings underscore the crucial role of individual auditor traits,such as scepticism levels,in shaping their responses to technological advancements in auditing practices.
文摘Compiler is a program whose functionality is to translate a computer program written in source language into an equivalent machine code. Compiler construction is an advanced research area because of its size and complexity. The source codes are in higher level languages which are usually complex and, consequently, increase the level of abstraction. Due to such reasons, design and construction of error free compiler is a challenge of the twenty first century. Verification of a source program does not guarantee about correctness of code generated because the bugs in compiler may lead to an incorrect target program. Therefore, verification of compiler is more important than verifying the source programs. Lexical analyzer is a main phase of compiler used for scanning input and grouping into sequence of tokens. In this paper, formal construction of deterministic finite automata (DFA) based on regular expression is presented as a part of lexical analyzer. At first, syntax tree is described based on the augmented regular expression. Then formal description of important operators, checking nullability and computing first and last positions of internal nodes of the tree is described. In next, the transition diagram is described from the follow positions and converted into deterministic finite automata by defining a relationship among syntax tree, transition diagram and DFA. Formal specification of the procedure is described using Z notation and model analysis is provided using Z/Eves toolset.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60974098)Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20094420110002)
文摘Some wafer fabrication processes performed by cluster tools require revisiting. With wafer revisiting, a cluster tool is very difficult to be scheduled due to a large number of possible schedules for the revisiting process. Atomic layer deposition （ALD） is a typical process with wafer revisiting that should be performed by cluster tools. This paper discusses the scheduling problem of single-arm cluster tools for the ALD process. In scheduling such a system, the most difficult part is to schedule the revisiting process such that the cycle time is minimized. Thus, this paper studies the revisiting process of ALD with revisiting times k = 3, 4, and 5, and analytical expressions are obtained to calculate the cycle time for the k possible schedules. Then, the schedule with the minimal cycle time is the optimal one. In this way, the scheduling problem of such a revisiting process becomes very simple and this is a significant improvement in scheduling cluster tools with wafer revisiting. Illustrative example is presented to show the application of the proposed method.
文摘Disabled people encounter many barriers while attempting to access the services on the web. Nevertheless, many tools, which could help them to access the web, are available. E-commerce websites have been also intensively and widely used. The e-commerce market in Saudi Arabia will hit $13.3 billion by 2015. This huge investment requires e-commerce websites to be accessible by different types of users. This paper explores the tools that usually used by disabled users while using the web. It also discusses a number of available tools that help designers, developers and testers to assess web accessibility. It also evaluates the accessibility of 3 popular Arab e- commerce websites using 5 accessibility testing tools;namely Achecker, TAW, Eval Access, MAUVE and FAE. This research has found that Most accessibility guidelines are covered by Achecker tool. Navigation, readability, input assistance and timing are the common found accessibility problems while assessing the accessibility of the targeted websites. It has been also revealed that HTML can influence accessibility evaluation as HTML errors are considered as accessibility problems. It has been clearly observed that improvements are needed for better web accessibility, although some tools did report a small number of accessibility problems for some websites.
文摘新类型新版本的手机应用数量与日俱增,使得传统的人工测试方法已经无法负荷,因此需要研究人员提出更加有效的自动化测试方法。在自动化测试的过程中,Android应用程序的GUI(Graphical User Interface),即图形用户界面,发挥着极其重要的作用,GUI自动化测试凭借其出色的测试覆盖率和故障检测性能,成为研究人员的重点研究对象。文中对当前GUI自动化测试的相关研究进行梳理和总结,选取其中有代表性、普遍性的自动化测试框架进行详细剖析,从测试策略、探索策略、错误报告、是否支持重放、测试环境、支持的事件类型、是否使用APP源码、是否开源、系统事件识别方法几个方面来对挑选出的自动化测试工具进行相应的分类、分析与对比。同时选取部分有代表性的自动化测试框架进行对比实验,以探究测试效率以及各自的优缺点。最后提出当前研究所面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景。
文摘An automated environment is presented which aids the software engineers in developing data pro- cessing systems by using rapid prototyping techniques.The environment is being developed on VAX sta- tion.It can render good support to the specification of the requirements and the rapid creation of proto- type.The goal,the methodology,the general structure of the environment and two sub-systems are discussed.
