The homeostasis of free radicals is vital to the evolution and life of oxygen-requiring organisms. Under normal physiological conditions, rates of the production of free radicals are virtually equal to rates of their ...The homeostasis of free radicals is vital to the evolution and life of oxygen-requiring organisms. Under normal physiological conditions, rates of the production of free radicals are virtually equal to rates of their removal. The cytotoxic effect of free radicals is deleterious to cells and mediates the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases. Therefore, antioxidants (e.g. vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, and glutathione) are essential to the survival, health, and reproduction of animals, including humans. Antioxidants may be classified as nutritionally essential (e.g. vitamin antioxidants), indirectly essential (e.g., dietary fibre), conditionally essential (e.g. flavonoids and other effective phytochemicals) or non-essential. In the body, appropriate nutrition should not only prevent diseases, but also promote free radical homeostasis. Thus, it is crucial to develop useful indicators of oxidative stress, such as the cellular ratio of /, lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of protein and DNA damage. On the basis of the recent report that the improper therapy of iron deficiency results in free radical-mediated dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, it is important to verify whether the formulated requirement of nutrients meet the need of maintaining the homeostasis of free radicals. The recommended intake of vitamin E, vitamin C and other antioxidants may need to be revised so as to protect the body against oxidative stress brought about by endogenous and exogenous factors. In order to delay aging and promote health in humans of all ages, and eliminate oxidative damage in response to the treatment of certain diseases, special nutritional measures should be taken. These measures may include the control of caloric intake, reduction in the absorption of free radicals and electrophilic substances, and adequate provision of antioxidant nutrients as well as effective phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. We predict that the concept of free radical biology will continue to greatly advance life sciences, inclu展开更多
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, a devastating disease of the elderly. The brain is more vulnerable than other organs to oxidative stress, and most of the c...Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, a devastating disease of the elderly. The brain is more vulnerable than other organs to oxidative stress, and most of the components of neurons （lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids） can be oxidized in AD due to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased metal levels, inflammation, and β-amyloid （Aβ） peptides. Oxidative stress participates in the development of AD by promoting Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and the subsequent loss of synapses and neurons. The relationship between oxidative stress and AD suggests that oxidative stress is an essential part of the pathological process, and antioxidants may be useful for AD treatment.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is today considered the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting a high proportion of the population worldwide. NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of liver damage, r...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is today considered the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting a high proportion of the population worldwide. NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Obesity, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia are the most important risk factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to fibrosis and chronic liver disease is still unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the physiopathology of NAFLD, although the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction are still unclear. Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in producing lethal hepatocyte injury associated with NAFLD. Mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main subcellular source of reactive oxygen species(ROS), which may damage mitochondrial proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid located at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays an important role in several reactions and processes involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial dependent steps of apoptosis. This phospholipid is particularly susceptible to ROS attack. Cardiolipin peroxidation has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological conditions, including NAFLD. In this review, we focus on the potential roles played by oxidative stress and cardiolipin alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD.展开更多
文摘The homeostasis of free radicals is vital to the evolution and life of oxygen-requiring organisms. Under normal physiological conditions, rates of the production of free radicals are virtually equal to rates of their removal. The cytotoxic effect of free radicals is deleterious to cells and mediates the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases. Therefore, antioxidants (e.g. vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, and glutathione) are essential to the survival, health, and reproduction of animals, including humans. Antioxidants may be classified as nutritionally essential (e.g. vitamin antioxidants), indirectly essential (e.g., dietary fibre), conditionally essential (e.g. flavonoids and other effective phytochemicals) or non-essential. In the body, appropriate nutrition should not only prevent diseases, but also promote free radical homeostasis. Thus, it is crucial to develop useful indicators of oxidative stress, such as the cellular ratio of /, lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of protein and DNA damage. On the basis of the recent report that the improper therapy of iron deficiency results in free radical-mediated dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, it is important to verify whether the formulated requirement of nutrients meet the need of maintaining the homeostasis of free radicals. The recommended intake of vitamin E, vitamin C and other antioxidants may need to be revised so as to protect the body against oxidative stress brought about by endogenous and exogenous factors. In order to delay aging and promote health in humans of all ages, and eliminate oxidative damage in response to the treatment of certain diseases, special nutritional measures should be taken. These measures may include the control of caloric intake, reduction in the absorption of free radicals and electrophilic substances, and adequate provision of antioxidant nutrients as well as effective phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. We predict that the concept of free radical biology will continue to greatly advance life sciences, inclu
基金supported by National Basic Research Development Program(973 Program)of China(2011CBA00400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91332201)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality,China(13JC1401500)fund for Medical Emerging Cutting-edge Technology in Shanghai Municipality,China(SHDC12012114)
文摘Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, a devastating disease of the elderly. The brain is more vulnerable than other organs to oxidative stress, and most of the components of neurons （lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids） can be oxidized in AD due to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased metal levels, inflammation, and β-amyloid （Aβ） peptides. Oxidative stress participates in the development of AD by promoting Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and the subsequent loss of synapses and neurons. The relationship between oxidative stress and AD suggests that oxidative stress is an essential part of the pathological process, and antioxidants may be useful for AD treatment.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is today considered the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting a high proportion of the population worldwide. NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Obesity, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia are the most important risk factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to fibrosis and chronic liver disease is still unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the physiopathology of NAFLD, although the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction are still unclear. Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in producing lethal hepatocyte injury associated with NAFLD. Mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main subcellular source of reactive oxygen species(ROS), which may damage mitochondrial proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid located at the level of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays an important role in several reactions and processes involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial dependent steps of apoptosis. This phospholipid is particularly susceptible to ROS attack. Cardiolipin peroxidation has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological conditions, including NAFLD. In this review, we focus on the potential roles played by oxidative stress and cardiolipin alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD.
