Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign cells by both male and female immune systems,leading to the production of antisperm antibodies(ASAs)when sperm are exposed to immune system due to a breach in the mucosal barrier....Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign cells by both male and female immune systems,leading to the production of antisperm antibodies(ASAs)when sperm are exposed to immune system due to a breach in the mucosal barrier.ASAs can be found in both sexes,though concentrations vary by individual and sex.This review examines ASAs production,their specific binding locations on sperm,and how ASAs may impair key sperm functions,including motility,viability,acrosome reaction,and capacitation.While ASAs are known to potentially interfere with sperm quality and sperm binding to zona pellucida in both humans and livestock,their impact on fertility remains debated,as ASAs are also detected in a significant number of fertile individuals.Furthermore,the practical relevance of ASAs screening in fertility assessment lacks consensus,with some findings suggesting that ASAs might even aid fertilization under certain conditions.By compiling the information on ASAs and their effects on semen quality and fertility,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of ASAs in infertility.展开更多
肺炎链球菌疫苗在防御由肺炎链球菌引发的各类侵袭性与非侵袭性疾病中扮演着不可或缺的角色,荚膜多糖作为关键抗原成分,杂质残留直接造成了肺炎多糖疫苗以及多糖结合疫苗在临床使用中的不良反应。随着全球对涵盖广泛血清型的高价肺炎链...肺炎链球菌疫苗在防御由肺炎链球菌引发的各类侵袭性与非侵袭性疾病中扮演着不可或缺的角色,荚膜多糖作为关键抗原成分,杂质残留直接造成了肺炎多糖疫苗以及多糖结合疫苗在临床使用中的不良反应。随着全球对涵盖广泛血清型的高价肺炎链球菌疫苗需求的持续增长,研发高效、高纯度且可大规模生产的荚膜多糖抗原技术愈发显得紧迫且至关重要。荚膜多糖的质量属性受到多维度因素的交互影响,涵盖了病原菌株的选择、培养基配方、发酵过程调控以及纯化技术等诸多环节。遵循质量源于设计(quality by design,QbD)的质量管理理念与工艺开发路径,本文系统性总结了从上游菌株筛选优化、精细化发酵工艺设计,直到下游纯化技术的全过程的知识与经验,旨在为构建和完善荚膜多糖生产工艺体系提供理论指导与实践策略。展开更多
文摘Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign cells by both male and female immune systems,leading to the production of antisperm antibodies(ASAs)when sperm are exposed to immune system due to a breach in the mucosal barrier.ASAs can be found in both sexes,though concentrations vary by individual and sex.This review examines ASAs production,their specific binding locations on sperm,and how ASAs may impair key sperm functions,including motility,viability,acrosome reaction,and capacitation.While ASAs are known to potentially interfere with sperm quality and sperm binding to zona pellucida in both humans and livestock,their impact on fertility remains debated,as ASAs are also detected in a significant number of fertile individuals.Furthermore,the practical relevance of ASAs screening in fertility assessment lacks consensus,with some findings suggesting that ASAs might even aid fertilization under certain conditions.By compiling the information on ASAs and their effects on semen quality and fertility,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of ASAs in infertility.
文摘肺炎链球菌疫苗在防御由肺炎链球菌引发的各类侵袭性与非侵袭性疾病中扮演着不可或缺的角色,荚膜多糖作为关键抗原成分,杂质残留直接造成了肺炎多糖疫苗以及多糖结合疫苗在临床使用中的不良反应。随着全球对涵盖广泛血清型的高价肺炎链球菌疫苗需求的持续增长,研发高效、高纯度且可大规模生产的荚膜多糖抗原技术愈发显得紧迫且至关重要。荚膜多糖的质量属性受到多维度因素的交互影响,涵盖了病原菌株的选择、培养基配方、发酵过程调控以及纯化技术等诸多环节。遵循质量源于设计(quality by design,QbD)的质量管理理念与工艺开发路径,本文系统性总结了从上游菌株筛选优化、精细化发酵工艺设计,直到下游纯化技术的全过程的知识与经验,旨在为构建和完善荚膜多糖生产工艺体系提供理论指导与实践策略。
