Anopheles minimus is an important vector of human malaria in southern China and Southeast Asia. The phylogenetics of mosquitoes has not been well resolved, and the mitochondrial genome （mtgenome） has proven to be an...Anopheles minimus is an important vector of human malaria in southern China and Southeast Asia. The phylogenetics of mosquitoes has not been well resolved, and the mitochondrial genome （mtgenome） has proven to be an important marker in the study of evolutionary biology. In this study, the complete mtgenome of An. minimus was sequenced for the first time. It is 15 395 bp long and encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes （PCGs）, 22 transfer RNAs （tRNAs）, two ribosomal RNAs （rRNAs） and a non-coding region. The gene organization is consistent with those of known Anopheles mtgenomes. The mtgenome performs a clear bias in nucleotide composition with a positive AT-skew and a negative GC-skew. All 13 PCGs prefer to use the codon UUA （Leu）, ATN as initiation codon but cytochrome-oxidase subunit 1 （COI） and ND5, with TCG and GTG, and TAA as termination codon, but COI, COII, COIII and ND4, all with the incomplete T. tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, but tRNAser^a~N） is consistent with known Anopheles mtgenomes. The control region includes a conserved T-stretch and a （TA）n stretch, and has the highest A＋T content at 93.1%. The phylogenetics of An. minimus with 18 other Anopheles species was constructed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, based on concatenated PCG sequences. The subgenera, Cellia and Anopheles, and Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia have mutually close relationships, respectively. The Punctulatus group and Leueosphyrus group of Neomyzomyia Series, and the Albitarsis group of Albitarsis Series were suggested to be monophyletic. The monophyletic status of the subgenera, Cellia, Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia need to be further elucidated.展开更多
目的通过研究云南省盈江县那邦镇微小按蚊在不同年份的群体遗传特征,对比微小按蚊在遗传多样性方面的变化。方法分别于2014年5月和2021年5月在云南省盈江县那邦镇用诱蚊灯采集蚊虫,经形态学分类鉴定后,单管单只保存待用。使用试剂盒提...目的通过研究云南省盈江县那邦镇微小按蚊在不同年份的群体遗传特征,对比微小按蚊在遗传多样性方面的变化。方法分别于2014年5月和2021年5月在云南省盈江县那邦镇用诱蚊灯采集蚊虫,经形态学分类鉴定后,单管单只保存待用。使用试剂盒提取微小按蚊的DNA。用8对荧光引物扩增模板DNA中的微卫星序列后,产物送测序公司进行毛细管电泳检测。使用PopGen32分别计算单个微卫星位点和群体的等位基因数(number of alleles,Na)、有效等位基因数(effective number of alleles,Ne)、观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity,Ho)、期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)、香农指数(Shannon's information index,I)。PIC-CALC软件计算多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)。结果2014年捕获158只共6种按蚊,2021年捕获529只共5种按蚊。2014年和2021年的微小按蚊在按蚊中的构成比差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=70.48,P<0.01)。8个微卫星位点共检测到85个等位基因。Na为6~20个,平均值为10.625。Ne为1.717~7.797个,平均值为4.011;PIC最高的是am4位点,最低的是am25位点。群体方面,在2014年中发现77个等位基因;在2021年中发现62个等位基因。2014年Ne为1.630~8.658,平均为4.147;2021年Ne为1.760~6.744,平均为3.698。2014年平均Ho为0.641,2021年为0.650;2014年平均He为0.699,2021年为0.691。2014年I为0.774~2.493,平均为1.579;2021年I为0.938~2.224,平均为1.464。2014年的4个指标Na、Ne、I和PIC均高于2021年,分别是Na:9.625>7.750,Ne:4.147>3.698,I:1.579>1.464,PIC:0.655>0.640。结论盈江县那邦镇微小按蚊2014年和2021年的群体均呈高度多态性。但2021年的群体遗传多样性低于2014年。展开更多
Objective: To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil(EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants(Alpinia galanga, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar) individually and in combination with an augment...Objective: To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil(EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants(Alpinia galanga, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar) individually and in combination with an augmenting Eucalyptus globulus(E. globulus) EO against females of Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus) and Anopheles minimus(An. minimus). Methods: These formulations were evaluated for their ovicidal, oviposition deterrent and adulticidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus by a topical method, a double-choice method and a WHO susceptibility test, respectively. Results: It was found that all formulations of Zingiberaceae plants EOs augmented with E. globulus EO were more effective in oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal activities against the two mosquito species than all of the formulations used without E. globulus EO. Their oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal activities were equivalent to those of 10% w/v cypermethrin. In contrast, 70% v/v ethyl alcohol as a control alone was not effective at all. The highest synergistic effect in effective repellency against Ae. albopictus was achieved by 5% Alpinia galanga EO + 5% E. globulus EO and against An. minimus was 5% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Moreover, the highest synergistic effects in ovicidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus were achieved by 10% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 10% E. globulus EO and 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO, respectively. For the adulticidal activities, the highest synergistic effect against two mosquitoes was achieved by 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Conclusions: These results suggest that Zingiberaceae plant EOs augmented with E. globulus EO have a high potential to be developed into oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal agents for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus and An. minimus.展开更多
基金Acknowledgments This work was supported by Par-Eu Scholars Program, The National Natural Science Foundation of China （31372265）, Coordinated Research Project of the International Atomic Energy Agency （18268/R0）, and National Key Program of Science and Technology Foundation Work of China （2015FY210300）. Conceived and designed the research： BC, YQH. Performed the experiments： YQH, ZTY, FLS, QCL. Analyzed the data and wrote the paper： YQH, BC, YRD.
文摘Anopheles minimus is an important vector of human malaria in southern China and Southeast Asia. The phylogenetics of mosquitoes has not been well resolved, and the mitochondrial genome （mtgenome） has proven to be an important marker in the study of evolutionary biology. In this study, the complete mtgenome of An. minimus was sequenced for the first time. It is 15 395 bp long and encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes （PCGs）, 22 transfer RNAs （tRNAs）, two ribosomal RNAs （rRNAs） and a non-coding region. The gene organization is consistent with those of known Anopheles mtgenomes. The mtgenome performs a clear bias in nucleotide composition with a positive AT-skew and a negative GC-skew. All 13 PCGs prefer to use the codon UUA （Leu）, ATN as initiation codon but cytochrome-oxidase subunit 1 （COI） and ND5, with TCG and GTG, and TAA as termination codon, but COI, COII, COIII and ND4, all with the incomplete T. tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, but tRNAser^a~N） is consistent with known Anopheles mtgenomes. The control region includes a conserved T-stretch and a （TA）n stretch, and has the highest A＋T content at 93.1%. The phylogenetics of An. minimus with 18 other Anopheles species was constructed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, based on concatenated PCG sequences. The subgenera, Cellia and Anopheles, and Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia have mutually close relationships, respectively. The Punctulatus group and Leueosphyrus group of Neomyzomyia Series, and the Albitarsis group of Albitarsis Series were suggested to be monophyletic. The monophyletic status of the subgenera, Cellia, Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia need to be further elucidated.
文摘目的通过研究云南省盈江县那邦镇微小按蚊在不同年份的群体遗传特征,对比微小按蚊在遗传多样性方面的变化。方法分别于2014年5月和2021年5月在云南省盈江县那邦镇用诱蚊灯采集蚊虫,经形态学分类鉴定后,单管单只保存待用。使用试剂盒提取微小按蚊的DNA。用8对荧光引物扩增模板DNA中的微卫星序列后,产物送测序公司进行毛细管电泳检测。使用PopGen32分别计算单个微卫星位点和群体的等位基因数(number of alleles,Na)、有效等位基因数(effective number of alleles,Ne)、观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity,Ho)、期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)、香农指数(Shannon's information index,I)。PIC-CALC软件计算多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)。结果2014年捕获158只共6种按蚊,2021年捕获529只共5种按蚊。2014年和2021年的微小按蚊在按蚊中的构成比差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=70.48,P<0.01)。8个微卫星位点共检测到85个等位基因。Na为6~20个,平均值为10.625。Ne为1.717~7.797个,平均值为4.011;PIC最高的是am4位点,最低的是am25位点。群体方面,在2014年中发现77个等位基因;在2021年中发现62个等位基因。2014年Ne为1.630~8.658,平均为4.147;2021年Ne为1.760~6.744,平均为3.698。2014年平均Ho为0.641,2021年为0.650;2014年平均He为0.699,2021年为0.691。2014年I为0.774~2.493,平均为1.579;2021年I为0.938~2.224,平均为1.464。2014年的4个指标Na、Ne、I和PIC均高于2021年,分别是Na:9.625>7.750,Ne:4.147>3.698,I:1.579>1.464,PIC:0.655>0.640。结论盈江县那邦镇微小按蚊2014年和2021年的群体均呈高度多态性。但2021年的群体遗传多样性低于2014年。
基金supported by Faculty of Agricultural Technology,KMITL,Bangkok,Thailand(Grant no 01-04-002)the National Research Council of Thailand(GRAD 6007KMITL)
文摘Objective: To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil(EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants(Alpinia galanga, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar) individually and in combination with an augmenting Eucalyptus globulus(E. globulus) EO against females of Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus) and Anopheles minimus(An. minimus). Methods: These formulations were evaluated for their ovicidal, oviposition deterrent and adulticidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus by a topical method, a double-choice method and a WHO susceptibility test, respectively. Results: It was found that all formulations of Zingiberaceae plants EOs augmented with E. globulus EO were more effective in oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal activities against the two mosquito species than all of the formulations used without E. globulus EO. Their oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal activities were equivalent to those of 10% w/v cypermethrin. In contrast, 70% v/v ethyl alcohol as a control alone was not effective at all. The highest synergistic effect in effective repellency against Ae. albopictus was achieved by 5% Alpinia galanga EO + 5% E. globulus EO and against An. minimus was 5% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Moreover, the highest synergistic effects in ovicidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus were achieved by 10% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 10% E. globulus EO and 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO, respectively. For the adulticidal activities, the highest synergistic effect against two mosquitoes was achieved by 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Conclusions: These results suggest that Zingiberaceae plant EOs augmented with E. globulus EO have a high potential to be developed into oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal agents for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus and An. minimus.
