Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies and chemical index of alteration(CIA) in Nanhua and Ediacaran Systems in the southwest of Tarim Block,some features of glacial records in Neoproterozoic become more clear.Si...Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies and chemical index of alteration(CIA) in Nanhua and Ediacaran Systems in the southwest of Tarim Block,some features of glacial records in Neoproterozoic become more clear.Six sedimentary facies have been divided in the study area,including alluvial fan facies,lacustrine facies,glacial facies,littoral facies,neritic facies,and lagoonal facies,showing that this area underwent a process from continent to marine,with mainly littoral and neritic sedimentation.Two cold events have been recognized by analysis of CIA values in the study area,called Bolong and Yutang glaciation,respectively.They present as thick-layer tillite deposition in the Bolong Formation and thin-layer tillite deposition in the Yutang Formation,respectively.The Bolong glacial period in the study area can be correlated to the Yulmeinak glacial period in Aksu area,Tereeken glacial period in Qurugtagh area,and the Nantuo glacial period in South China,which is equivalent to the universally acknowledged Marinoan glacial period.The Yutang glacial period can be correlated to the Hankalchough glacial period in Qurugtagh,which is equivalent to Gaskers glaciation in Newfoundland.展开更多
This study investigated experimentally the coupled effects of hydrophilic SiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)and low-salinity water(LSW)on the wettability of synthetic clay-free Berea sandstone.Capillary pressure,interfacial t...This study investigated experimentally the coupled effects of hydrophilic SiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)and low-salinity water(LSW)on the wettability of synthetic clay-free Berea sandstone.Capillary pressure,interfacial tension(IFT),contact angle,Zeta potential,and dynamic displacement measurements were performed at various NP mass fractions and brine salinities.The U.S.Bureau of Mines(USBM)index was used to quantify the wettability alteration.Furthermore,the NP stability and retention and the effect of enhanced oil recovery by nanofluid were examined.The results showed that LSW immiscible displacement with NPs altered the wettability toward more water wet.With the decreasing brine salinity and increasing NP mass fraction,the IFT and contact angle decreased.The wettability alteration intensified most as the brine salinity decreased to 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction increased to 0.075%.Under these conditions,the resulting incremental oil recovery factor was approximately 13 percentage points.When the brine salinity was 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction was 0.025%,the retention of NPs caused the minimum damage to permeability.展开更多
In this study, the secondary well data for Cretaceous to Miocene cutting samples in four deep offshore exploration wells, i.e., Pomboo-1 in the north, Kubwa-1 in the central, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 in the south of the d...In this study, the secondary well data for Cretaceous to Miocene cutting samples in four deep offshore exploration wells, i.e., Pomboo-1 in the north, Kubwa-1 in the central, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 in the south of the deep offshore Lamu Basin were assessed for identifying source rock presence and examining thermal maturity of the source rocks. The 2D basin modelling was used to analyse the bulk gas transformation in the basin. Total organic carbon (TOC) content values for the wells range from 0.09 wt % to 2.23 wt % with an average of 0.78 wt %. The average organic richness is higher in the Upper Cretaceous (0.83 wt %) than in the Palaeogene (0.65 wt %), Lower Cretaceous (0.28 wt %) and Upper Jurassic (0.30 wt %). The S_(1) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 3.76 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.31mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. The S_(2) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 5.00 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.72 mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. Hydrogen index (HI) values vary between 4 and 512 mg HC/g TOC with an average of 157.09 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matters were identified as mixed types of Ⅱ-Ⅲ (oil and gas prone) and Ⅲ-Ⅳ (gas prone) kerogen in the potential source rocks. The HI and S_(2) yield values are exceptionally high for the observed TOC values in Pomboo-1. The vitrinite reflectance and Tmax values of deep offshore Lamu Basin are in the ranges of 0.38%–0.72% and 360–441 ℃, respectively. It suggests the existence of both immature and mature source rocks. Vitrinite reflectance maturity favours near coastal region in the Upper Cretaceous. These results explain why Pomboo-1, Kubwa-1, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 wells were dry. The temperatures are still cool for hydrocarbon generation in deep offshore. The critical risk for deep offshore Lamu Basin is charge, primarily source presence, and a lack of definitive evidence of a deep-water marine source rock being present. The four wells penetrate good quality reservoir and seal rocks, but source rock presence and maturity remain the critical play risk in the deep offsho展开更多
1 Introduction The super-large Huize lead-zinc ore district is one of the most representative lead-zinc deposits in Northeastern Yunnan poly-metallic deposit concentration district.So far,studies(Liu and Lin,1999;Han ...1 Introduction The super-large Huize lead-zinc ore district is one of the most representative lead-zinc deposits in Northeastern Yunnan poly-metallic deposit concentration district.So far,studies(Liu and Lin,1999;Han et al.,2007)on the type of deposits like the Huize lead-zinc deposit,focused on deposit genesis,the sources of metallogenic materials,展开更多
近年来,根据泥质岩中常量元素的摩尔数计算出的化学蚀变指数(CIA:Chemical index of alteration)、化学风化指数(CIW:Chemical index of weathering)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA:Plagioclase index of alteration)被广泛用来反映物源区的风化...近年来,根据泥质岩中常量元素的摩尔数计算出的化学蚀变指数(CIA:Chemical index of alteration)、化学风化指数(CIW:Chemical index of weathering)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA:Plagioclase index of alteration)被广泛用来反映物源区的风化程度及物源区古气候,这些指数在应用时都有一些严格的限制因素,应给予足够重视。CIA计算公式未排除成岩作用过程中钾交代作用的影响,需要采用A-CN-K[Al_2O_3-(CaO*+Na_2O)-K_2O]三角图进行判断,对发生钾交代作用的样品利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式进行校正。CIW计算公式中去掉了K_2O,但没有排除钾长石中的Al元素。PIA计算公式中考虑了钾长石中的Al元素,但只适用于判断母岩中仅含有斜长石而不含钾长石的物源区风化程度。综合分析表明,在判断物源区风化程度及古气候时,CIA的干扰因素相对较少,值得推广。但即使利用从泥质岩常量元素获得的CIA值来判断物源区的风化程度时,仍需要考虑沉积分异作用、再旋回作用、沉积区进一步风化作用以及成土作用、成岩期的钾交代作用的影响,建议首先依据泥质岩常量元素的摩尔数计算出成分变异指数(ICV:Index of compositional variability),然后对ICV>1的样品进行CIA的计算,并利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式对CIA值进行钾交代作用的校正,该校正过的CIAcorr计算值可用来判断物源区的风化程度。展开更多
化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100...化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2，方解石）-O．5·n（CO2，白云石）-10／3·n（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数研究样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，需要清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响。用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。用A—CN—K三角图解来判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的特征及其风化趋势。宜昌三斗坪地区南华系CIA研究表明：该区南华系下统莲沱组下部的CIA值在50～65之间（干燥寒冷），上部为65～75之间（温暖潮湿）和顶部为55～60之间（干燥寒冷）；南华系上统南沱组的CIA值基本在60～65之间（干燥寒冷），近顶部两个样品的CIA值达70（温暖潮湿）。上述CIA值变化表明本区南华纪经历自老到新由冰期干燥寒冷-间冰期温暖潮湿-冰期干燥寒冷沉积环境的变化过程。本文据此提出了新的扬子古陆南华系新的划分和对比方案。展开更多
本文应用化学蚀变指数(CIA)方法,研究新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代地层,并探讨沉积时期的气候环境。贝义西组总体 CIA 值较低,介于51～56之间,具冰期环境特征。照壁山组 CIA 值为60左右,表明气候有所变暖。阿勒通沟组的CIA 值变化范围在4...本文应用化学蚀变指数(CIA)方法,研究新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代地层,并探讨沉积时期的气候环境。贝义西组总体 CIA 值较低,介于51～56之间,具冰期环境特征。照壁山组 CIA 值为60左右,表明气候有所变暖。阿勒通沟组的CIA 值变化范围在48～61之间,顶部突变为69～71,说明阿勒通沟期经历了另一次寒冷事件,并以温暖环境结束。其上的特瑞爱肯组 CIA 值介于49～53之间,说明第三次经历寒冷干燥的气候环境。扎莫克提组,育肯沟组和水泉组的 CIA 均值为65,反映温暖条件下的沉积环境。新元古代末期汉格尔乔克组 CIA 值下降为56,暗示第四次出现寒冷气候环境。以上特征表明新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代的气候环境出现四次冷热交替变化。其中尤为重要的是阿勒通沟组中下部应为寒冷气候环境,而顶部突变为温暖气候环境,因此该组反映了一次明确的从冷到暖的气候变化过程,可以作为贝义西冰期和特瑞爱肯冰期之间的另一次独立冰期。本文的研究成果从地球化学角度支持塔里木板块新元古代四次冰期的划分方案。通过与扬子板块新元古代冰期划分方案的对比,认为塔里木板块新元古代四次冰期的前三次均已在华南板块以冰期或寒冷环境沉积形式出现。展开更多
化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）（CIA）最早作为判别源岩化学风化程度而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA={n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]}×10...化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）（CIA）最早作为判别源岩化学风化程度而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA={n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]}×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2方解石）-n0．5×n（CO2白云石）-10／3xn（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，并需清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响，以及采用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。使用A—CN—K三角图解判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的程度及其风化趋势。黔南-桂北地区南华系的CIA研究表明：该地区南华系下部的长安组其下部CIA值为60～65之间，中部为70～5，上部回落到65—70之间。南华系中部富禄组CIA值高，在85-95之间。南华系上部的南沱组CIA值再次回落到60—65的范围。上述CIA值的变化表明本区南华纪时期自老至新经历多次由干燥寒冷-温暖潮湿气候期的变化。本文据此提出扬子地块南华系新的划分、对比方案。展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40972126 & 40821002)
文摘Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies and chemical index of alteration(CIA) in Nanhua and Ediacaran Systems in the southwest of Tarim Block,some features of glacial records in Neoproterozoic become more clear.Six sedimentary facies have been divided in the study area,including alluvial fan facies,lacustrine facies,glacial facies,littoral facies,neritic facies,and lagoonal facies,showing that this area underwent a process from continent to marine,with mainly littoral and neritic sedimentation.Two cold events have been recognized by analysis of CIA values in the study area,called Bolong and Yutang glaciation,respectively.They present as thick-layer tillite deposition in the Bolong Formation and thin-layer tillite deposition in the Yutang Formation,respectively.The Bolong glacial period in the study area can be correlated to the Yulmeinak glacial period in Aksu area,Tereeken glacial period in Qurugtagh area,and the Nantuo glacial period in South China,which is equivalent to the universally acknowledged Marinoan glacial period.The Yutang glacial period can be correlated to the Hankalchough glacial period in Qurugtagh,which is equivalent to Gaskers glaciation in Newfoundland.
基金Kuwait University General Research Facilities (GE01/17,GE01/07,and GS03/01)for their support in conducting the necessary experimental work of this study。
文摘This study investigated experimentally the coupled effects of hydrophilic SiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)and low-salinity water(LSW)on the wettability of synthetic clay-free Berea sandstone.Capillary pressure,interfacial tension(IFT),contact angle,Zeta potential,and dynamic displacement measurements were performed at various NP mass fractions and brine salinities.The U.S.Bureau of Mines(USBM)index was used to quantify the wettability alteration.Furthermore,the NP stability and retention and the effect of enhanced oil recovery by nanofluid were examined.The results showed that LSW immiscible displacement with NPs altered the wettability toward more water wet.With the decreasing brine salinity and increasing NP mass fraction,the IFT and contact angle decreased.The wettability alteration intensified most as the brine salinity decreased to 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction increased to 0.075%.Under these conditions,the resulting incremental oil recovery factor was approximately 13 percentage points.When the brine salinity was 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction was 0.025%,the retention of NPs caused the minimum damage to permeability.
文摘In this study, the secondary well data for Cretaceous to Miocene cutting samples in four deep offshore exploration wells, i.e., Pomboo-1 in the north, Kubwa-1 in the central, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 in the south of the deep offshore Lamu Basin were assessed for identifying source rock presence and examining thermal maturity of the source rocks. The 2D basin modelling was used to analyse the bulk gas transformation in the basin. Total organic carbon (TOC) content values for the wells range from 0.09 wt % to 2.23 wt % with an average of 0.78 wt %. The average organic richness is higher in the Upper Cretaceous (0.83 wt %) than in the Palaeogene (0.65 wt %), Lower Cretaceous (0.28 wt %) and Upper Jurassic (0.30 wt %). The S_(1) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 3.76 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.31mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. The S_(2) averages for the Upper Cretaceous are 5.00 mg HC/g rock in Pomboo-1 and 0.72 mg HC/g rock in Kubwa-1. Hydrogen index (HI) values vary between 4 and 512 mg HC/g TOC with an average of 157.09 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matters were identified as mixed types of Ⅱ-Ⅲ (oil and gas prone) and Ⅲ-Ⅳ (gas prone) kerogen in the potential source rocks. The HI and S_(2) yield values are exceptionally high for the observed TOC values in Pomboo-1. The vitrinite reflectance and Tmax values of deep offshore Lamu Basin are in the ranges of 0.38%–0.72% and 360–441 ℃, respectively. It suggests the existence of both immature and mature source rocks. Vitrinite reflectance maturity favours near coastal region in the Upper Cretaceous. These results explain why Pomboo-1, Kubwa-1, Simba-1 and Kiboko-1 wells were dry. The temperatures are still cool for hydrocarbon generation in deep offshore. The critical risk for deep offshore Lamu Basin is charge, primarily source presence, and a lack of definitive evidence of a deep-water marine source rock being present. The four wells penetrate good quality reservoir and seal rocks, but source rock presence and maturity remain the critical play risk in the deep offsho
基金supported by the Funds for the program of the National Natural Science Foundation (Noes. 41572060, U1133602)Projects of YM Lab (2011)Innovation Team of Yunnan province and KMUST (2008,2012)
文摘1 Introduction The super-large Huize lead-zinc ore district is one of the most representative lead-zinc deposits in Northeastern Yunnan poly-metallic deposit concentration district.So far,studies(Liu and Lin,1999;Han et al.,2007)on the type of deposits like the Huize lead-zinc deposit,focused on deposit genesis,the sources of metallogenic materials,
文摘近年来,根据泥质岩中常量元素的摩尔数计算出的化学蚀变指数(CIA:Chemical index of alteration)、化学风化指数(CIW:Chemical index of weathering)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA:Plagioclase index of alteration)被广泛用来反映物源区的风化程度及物源区古气候,这些指数在应用时都有一些严格的限制因素,应给予足够重视。CIA计算公式未排除成岩作用过程中钾交代作用的影响,需要采用A-CN-K[Al_2O_3-(CaO*+Na_2O)-K_2O]三角图进行判断,对发生钾交代作用的样品利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式进行校正。CIW计算公式中去掉了K_2O,但没有排除钾长石中的Al元素。PIA计算公式中考虑了钾长石中的Al元素,但只适用于判断母岩中仅含有斜长石而不含钾长石的物源区风化程度。综合分析表明,在判断物源区风化程度及古气候时,CIA的干扰因素相对较少,值得推广。但即使利用从泥质岩常量元素获得的CIA值来判断物源区的风化程度时,仍需要考虑沉积分异作用、再旋回作用、沉积区进一步风化作用以及成土作用、成岩期的钾交代作用的影响,建议首先依据泥质岩常量元素的摩尔数计算出成分变异指数(ICV:Index of compositional variability),然后对ICV>1的样品进行CIA的计算,并利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式对CIA值进行钾交代作用的校正,该校正过的CIAcorr计算值可用来判断物源区的风化程度。
文摘化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2，方解石）-O．5·n（CO2，白云石）-10／3·n（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数研究样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，需要清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响。用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。用A—CN—K三角图解来判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的特征及其风化趋势。宜昌三斗坪地区南华系CIA研究表明：该区南华系下统莲沱组下部的CIA值在50～65之间（干燥寒冷），上部为65～75之间（温暖潮湿）和顶部为55～60之间（干燥寒冷）；南华系上统南沱组的CIA值基本在60～65之间（干燥寒冷），近顶部两个样品的CIA值达70（温暖潮湿）。上述CIA值变化表明本区南华纪经历自老到新由冰期干燥寒冷-间冰期温暖潮湿-冰期干燥寒冷沉积环境的变化过程。本文据此提出了新的扬子古陆南华系新的划分和对比方案。
文摘本文应用化学蚀变指数(CIA)方法,研究新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代地层,并探讨沉积时期的气候环境。贝义西组总体 CIA 值较低,介于51～56之间,具冰期环境特征。照壁山组 CIA 值为60左右,表明气候有所变暖。阿勒通沟组的CIA 值变化范围在48～61之间,顶部突变为69～71,说明阿勒通沟期经历了另一次寒冷事件,并以温暖环境结束。其上的特瑞爱肯组 CIA 值介于49～53之间,说明第三次经历寒冷干燥的气候环境。扎莫克提组,育肯沟组和水泉组的 CIA 均值为65,反映温暖条件下的沉积环境。新元古代末期汉格尔乔克组 CIA 值下降为56,暗示第四次出现寒冷气候环境。以上特征表明新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代的气候环境出现四次冷热交替变化。其中尤为重要的是阿勒通沟组中下部应为寒冷气候环境,而顶部突变为温暖气候环境,因此该组反映了一次明确的从冷到暖的气候变化过程,可以作为贝义西冰期和特瑞爱肯冰期之间的另一次独立冰期。本文的研究成果从地球化学角度支持塔里木板块新元古代四次冰期的划分方案。通过与扬子板块新元古代冰期划分方案的对比,认为塔里木板块新元古代四次冰期的前三次均已在华南板块以冰期或寒冷环境沉积形式出现。
文摘化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）（CIA）最早作为判别源岩化学风化程度而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA={n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]}×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2方解石）-n0．5×n（CO2白云石）-10／3xn（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，并需清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响，以及采用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。使用A—CN—K三角图解判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的程度及其风化趋势。黔南-桂北地区南华系的CIA研究表明：该地区南华系下部的长安组其下部CIA值为60～65之间，中部为70～5，上部回落到65—70之间。南华系中部富禄组CIA值高，在85-95之间。南华系上部的南沱组CIA值再次回落到60—65的范围。上述CIA值的变化表明本区南华纪时期自老至新经历多次由干燥寒冷-温暖潮湿气候期的变化。本文据此提出扬子地块南华系新的划分、对比方案。
