Agro seeds are vulnerable to environmental stressors,adversely affecting seed vigor,crop growth,and crop productivity.Different agrochemical-based seed treatments enhance seed germination,but they can also cause damag...Agro seeds are vulnerable to environmental stressors,adversely affecting seed vigor,crop growth,and crop productivity.Different agrochemical-based seed treatments enhance seed germination,but they can also cause damage to the environment;therefore,sustainable technologies such as nano-based agrochemicals are urgently needed.Nanoagrochemicals can reduce the dose-dependent toxicity of seed treatment,thereby improving seed viability and ensuring the controlled release of nanoagrochemical active ingredients However,the applications of nanoagrochemicals to plants in the field raise concerns about nanomaterial safety,exposure levels,and toxicological implications to the environment and human health.In the present comprehensive review,the development,scope,challenges,and risk assessments of nanoagrochemicals on seed treatment are discussed.Moreover,the implementation obstacles for nanoagrochemicals use in seed treatments,their commercialization potential,and the need for policy regulations to assess possible risks are also discussed.Based on our knowledge,this is the first time that we have presented legendary literature to readers in order to help them gain a deeper understanding of upcoming nanotechnologies that may enable the development of future generation seed treatment agrochemical formulations,their scope,and potential risks associated with seed treatment.展开更多
Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health an...Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health and agriculture has led to its reduced efficacy. The objective of this review was to assess the role of agricultural pesticides use on the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. We searched library catalogues and public databases for studies that included data on resistance to the major classes of insecticides: organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, in the malaria vectors of Anopheles genera. There is a strong geographical bias in published studies many originating from West African countries. Several studies demonstrate that resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in the major malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes. Assessing the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control is complicated owing to the lack of studies into the epidemiological consequences of resistance on the control of malaria and other vector borne diseases.展开更多
Weather plays an important role in our farming system. In greenhouse or internal farming system, weather monitoring is important. For better production and maintenance, it is important to monitor. This project is deve...Weather plays an important role in our farming system. In greenhouse or internal farming system, weather monitoring is important. For better production and maintenance, it is important to monitor. This project is developed for forecasting weather parameters like humidity, temperature, soil moisture, and raid detection. Humidity and temperature are monitored for internal temperature. The soil is the most important part of a greenhouse. In this project, soil moisture level is monitored and controlled for maintaining soil moisture level. Rain detection is used in outside of the farm. It detects rainwater and sends a message to the server. It is monitored by using a local server. In remote routing area, it also can be monitored and controlled without physical existence. Also, it is a low-cost weather monitoring system for the agro farm. The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. The monitoring system could be designed by using the sensor. It is useful for forecasting and data analysis process. In this project weather forecasting system is designed by using a sensor. In this project, Raspberry Pi work like a remote monitoring and controlling system for the agro farm.展开更多
To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International （ASI） method （ASI-Zn） for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coa...To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International （ASI） method （ASI-Zn） for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal Yellow Sea, the relationship between relative rice yield and soil available ASI-Zn concentration was analyzed from a ten-field experiment with various soil test classes ranging from low to high fertility in 2005 and 2006, and nine Zn fertilizer application rates （0, 7.5 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, 45, 52.5 and 60 kg Zn/ha） arranged at random with three replications in each field. There was a significant quadratic relationship between soil available ASI-Zn and rice yield, and a significant linear relationship between soil available ASI-Zn concentration and Zn fertilization rate. For rice variety Wuyujing 3, soil available ASI-Zn was deficient when the value was at lower than 1 mg Zn/L, low at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, sufficient at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, excessive at higher than 7.5 mg Zn/L. Thus, Zn fertilizer recommendation could be done according to the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil ASI-Zn. For most of alluvial soils of the coastal Yellow Sea in the study, the available ASI-Zn was lower than 1 mg Zn/L, and then the optimum application rate of Zn fertilizer was about 20 kg Zn/ha.展开更多
This study was designed to use LiDAR data to research tree heights in montane forest blocks of Kenya. It uses a completely randomised block design to asses if differences exist in forest heights: 1) among montane fore...This study was designed to use LiDAR data to research tree heights in montane forest blocks of Kenya. It uses a completely randomised block design to asses if differences exist in forest heights: 1) among montane forest blocks, 2) among Agro ecological zones (AEZ) within each forest block and 3) between similar AEZ in different forest blocks. Forest height data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICE-SAT) for the period 2003-2009 was used for 2146 circular plots, of 0.2 - 0.25 ha in size. Results indicate that, tree height is largely influenced by Agro ecological conditions and the wetter zones have taller trees in the upper, middle and lower highlands. In the upper highland zones of limited human activity, tree heights did not vary among forest blocks. Variations in height among forest blocks and within forest blocks were exaggerated in regions of active human intervention.展开更多
The rheological behavior of composites made with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and different agro fiber by-products such as corncob (CCF), Rice hull (RHF), Flax shives (FSF) and Walnut shell (WSF) flour of 60 - 100...The rheological behavior of composites made with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and different agro fiber by-products such as corncob (CCF), Rice hull (RHF), Flax shives (FSF) and Walnut shell (WSF) flour of 60 - 100 mesh were studied. The experimental results were obtained from samples containing 65 vol.% agro fiber and 3 wt.% lubricant. Particle sizes distribution of the agro fibers was in the range of 0.295 mm to ?0.125 mm. SEM showed evidence of complete matrix/fiber impregnation or wetting. The melt rheological data in terms of complex viscosity (η*), storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and loss tangent (tanδ) were evaluated and compared for different samples. Due to higher probability of agglomeration formation in the samples containing 65 vol.% of agro fillers, the storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of these samples were high. The unique change in all the samples is due to the particle size distribution of the agro fibers. The storage and loss modulus increased with increasing shear rates for all the composites, except for Walnut shell composite which exhibited unusual decrease in storage modulus with increasing shear rate. Damping factor (tanδ) decreased with increasing shear rate for all the composites at 65 vol.% filler load although there were differences among the composites. Maximum torque tended to increase at the 65 vol.% agro fiber load for all composites. Corncob and Walnut shell composites gave higher torque and steady state torque values in comparison with Flax shives and Rice hull composites due to differences in particle sizes distribution of the agro fibers.展开更多
The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), are serious pests of stored rice in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the influence of growing environments to rice...The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), are serious pests of stored rice in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the influence of growing environments to rice resistance to these pests. Thus, eleven rice varieties including 6 upland NERICA, 2 Oryza glaberrima and 3 O. sativa were grown at four agro ecological zones of Benin. After harvest, samples of 1500 grains of each genotype were infested with 20 adults of S. oryzae (10 males and 10 females) and 1500 additional ones were infested with 50 eggs of S. cerealella. Results showed significant effect of agro ecological zones on pest incidence and on varietal resistance as well. O. glaberrima varieties (TOG 5681 and CG 14) were the most resistant in each location whereas the resistance of NERICA and Sativa varieties varied from tolerant to susceptible according to the growing ecology. This result highlights the impact of growing environment on rice resistance status and will provide the best advice to farmers on how to choose best genetic material according to cropping ecology.展开更多
Cultivation of bay leaves （Cinnamomum tamalaNees ＆ Eberm） to fulfil household income needs is a long established practice in Udayapur district of Nepal. The practices adopted by farmers for bay leaf harvesting have...Cultivation of bay leaves （Cinnamomum tamalaNees ＆ Eberm） to fulfil household income needs is a long established practice in Udayapur district of Nepal. The practices adopted by farmers for bay leaf harvesting have not, however, been validated by scientific investigation for their sustainability. To investigate the impacts of harvesting on the yield of branch, leaves and biomass of leaves, a two-year research project was conducted in farm fields at Kopche village of Routa VDC in Udayapur district, Nepal. Four different harvesting treatments, the orien-tation and the order of branches were taken as independent variables to test their effects on number of branches, leaves and biomass of leaves. Orientation, harvesting treatments and order of branches had a significant effect on the number of branches, but not on the number of leaves or biomass （fresh and dry weight） of leaves in the year of harvest. Between two consecutive harvests there was no significant difference in the num-ber of branches, leaves or biomass. Lower two-thirds portion of the trees produced the largest number of leaves and branches of the fourth order in both years. Therefore, lower two-thirds portion of the trees were suitable for harvesting. Our findings support farmer experience that no change in productivity of leaves is observed when harvesting each year. For long term sustainability, harvesting should be conducted without debarking of trees or damage to branches. Our findings could be extrapolated to and tested in other areas with different access and user rights where the rota-tion for harvest is fixed or regulated without research evidence.展开更多
<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Centella asiatica </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(L.) is one of t...<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Centella asiatica </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants since preh</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">istoric times. The pharmaceutical importance of this herb is due to the accumulation of large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, collectively known as centelloids synthesized by the isoprenoid biosynthesis</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> path</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">way. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid in the plants proceeds via either of the tw</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o pathways, viz. Mevalonate (MVA) pathway (in the cytosol) or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (in plastid). In </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Centella</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, the pathway leading to the accumulation of triterpenoid is still not known or elucidated. Thus, to know whether the MVA or MEP pathway or a cross-talk between the pathway leads to the biosynthesis of triterpenoid, silencing the key regulatory gene using RNAi tool, of each of the pathway and then analyze a metabolite is an efficient approach. The key regulatory enzyme of the MVA pathway </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. 3-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hydroxy</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMGR</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) has already been successfully silenced using RNAi tool</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a href="#ref1">[1]</a></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In the present study, the 1-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">deoxy-D-xylulose</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-5-</span><i展开更多
s—In the paper, the three main principles of Landscape Ecology are put forward, that is, Holism Principles, Temporal spatial Scales Principles and Level Organization Principles, Eco cybernetic Principles and Mosaic...s—In the paper, the three main principles of Landscape Ecology are put forward, that is, Holism Principles, Temporal spatial Scales Principles and Level Organization Principles, Eco cybernetic Principles and Mosaic Stable Principles. It is considered that landscape ecological planning & design (LEPD) is guided by landscape ecological theory, and its basic aim is to create a sustainable landscape ecological system (LES). Furthermore, a framework approach of LEDP is established, and a case study with Zhuolu Basin is taken with the concepts and the approach.展开更多
This article reviews the literature reports base on agro waste plastic composites using different fiber as fillers and reinforcements. Various processing methods and conditions;compression molding process, injection m...This article reviews the literature reports base on agro waste plastic composites using different fiber as fillers and reinforcements. Various processing methods and conditions;compression molding process, injection molding, and extrusion method are used in the composites productions. Characterization challenges associated with the agro waste plastic composites productions were also examined. Thus, the findings of this research review can be use as a data base for further inquiring into the agro waste plastic composites in a view to enhance the development of the sector.展开更多
In the present day availability of agricultural waste products is very huge quantity. Most of the industries prefer Metal matrix composite (MMC) due to their density, high strength to weight ratio, hardness, corrosion...In the present day availability of agricultural waste products is very huge quantity. Most of the industries prefer Metal matrix composite (MMC) due to their density, high strength to weight ratio, hardness, corrosion resistance, fatigue and creep resistance. Hence they are widely used in structural applications along with aerospace and automobile industry, marine, sports, electronic and automation industries. In the present paper a study is focused on the mechanical, tribological and corrosion behavior of the metal matrix composite using different agro waste ash which is easily available. Agro waste ash like Rice Husk, groundnut shell, bamboo leaf, coconut shell can be used as reinforcement and applicable for various applications like automotive, structural components. From this current study, it’s clearly identified that addition of agro waste ash as reinforcement with Aluminium improves the properties of metal matrix composite. Aluminium metal with such reinforcement materials has shown a high specific strength, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, also it will increase hardness, satisfactory levels of corrosion resistance.展开更多
Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 c...Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 cm in 60 quarter hectare plots distributed in 7 agro ecological zones (AEZ) namely LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, UH0, UH1 and UH2. Basal area per species was used to calculate species relative dominance i.e. the proportion of basal area by a species to the total basal area of the AEZ. Species associations were analysed as the group of highly ranked species in each AEZ. Sorensons similarity index was used to calculate the proportion of similar species among AEZ. Analysis of variance compared basal area among AEZ and Tukey’s multiple comparison test used to identify specific AEZ with differences. Tabernaemontana stapfiana (Britten) was ranked first in LH1, UH1 and UH0 with relative dominance values of 22.66%, 22.89% and 30.73% respectively. It was however not recorded in any other AEZs. Dombeya goetzenii (K. Schum) occurred in 6 of the 7 AEZs but had moderate dominance values in each of the 6 AEZs. The sum of dominance values per species in all AEZs indicated no species mono-dominance and different species dominated at different AEZs. Co-dominance resulted in species associations like Tabernaemontana-Allophylus-Eke-bergia-Albizia in LH1, Juniperus-Dombeya-Casearia-Prunus in LH2, Acokanthera-Cussonia-Olea-Teclea in LH4 and Tabernaemontana-Syzygium-Podocarpus-Neoboutonia in UH1. Species richness was highest in UH1 and had the highest similarity indices with those of other AEZs. The UH1 had a species similarity of 67% with LH1, 63% with LH2 and 56% with LH4. However, species in the very humid zone UH0 differed with those of the drier lower highland zones (UH0 vs LH3 and vs LH4 = 31% and 37% respectively). Basal area differed significantly among AEZ ( = 3.76) showing that they differ in stocking levels. Tukeys test showed that high potential zones of LH1, LH2, UH0, UH1 did not differ and similarly the lower potent展开更多
Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut husk is difficult to decompose due to its high lignin and cellulose content. In this study, coir pith was composted with different agro industrial by products such as cow dung, vegeta...Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut husk is difficult to decompose due to its high lignin and cellulose content. In this study, coir pith was composted with different agro industrial by products such as cow dung, vegetable market waste, poultry waste and microbial consortium. The different treatment combinations used in the present study were Control, T1 (Coir pith + Cow dung + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + mixed microbial culture (Trichoderma viridae + Pleurotus sajar caju), T2 (Coir pith + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + Tank slit + Mixed microbial culture) and T3 (Coir pith + Cow dung + poultry waste + tank slit + mixed microbial culture). At the end of 12th week, in the treatment T1, C: N ratio of 21.8:1 was observed in the composted coir pith sample. Highest P content of 0.47% and K content of 1.2% and the least Cellulose and Lignin contents of 22.8% and 10.03% were recorded in the T1 treatment after a composting period of 12 weeks. Highest pH of 7.4 was observed in the treatment T3, this was followed by T1 (7.2) treatment.展开更多
The Tunisian coastal oases constitute a model of very rich plant biodiversity, organized in different floors of cultivation. The date palm is the highest, the second is the diversified fruit trees and the smallest is ...The Tunisian coastal oases constitute a model of very rich plant biodiversity, organized in different floors of cultivation. The date palm is the highest, the second is the diversified fruit trees and the smallest is composed by various other productions. The present paper is the results of a RAA diagnosis and bibliographic analysis of nearly thirty years of work on oases. The aim of this study is to focus on the plant diversity and the traditions in using different products. The survey revealed the existence of nearly 45 local date palm varieties, about 26 fruit trees, 65 vegetables and divers other species. It also raises nearly 30 uses of dates and date palm by-products. This survey shows also that oases inhabitants keep in possessing, for a long time, a knowledge to make ingenious concerning use and conservation of the products and by products of the date palm. This survey has all as much demonstrated the risks from weakening this balance which has long been maintained. Some recommendations to maintain and conserve this system are also presented in this paper.展开更多
With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replicati...With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replications.The variants were:dosage of 0.2,0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha and one control.The variables are recorded at three points of the cultivation cycle 10th,20th and 30th days after planting(DAP).Among the indicators evaluated were the fresh and dry mass of the plants,the leaves per plant,foliar area,the length and diameter of the stalk as well as the characteristics of the root.The rates of physiological growth and agricultural yield were also evaluated.The results showed a significant increase(p≤0.05)in the fresh and dry mass of the plants when VIUSID was used.Regarding the length of the stalk,the average increases of those treated in comparison to the control in the final evaluation were 28.42%,30.51%,41.17%and 38.43%.In terms of the diameter of the stalk and the foliar area in all evaluations,the treatments with VIUSID significantly exceeded the control.The absolute growth rate and net assimilation was significantly higher when the product was used.In the relative growth rate,the most favourable behaviour was the dosage of 0.5 L/ha,in final evaluation.With regard to yield,the best performance with significant differences(p≤0.05)to the other treatments was the dosage of 0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha.Therefore,VIUSID agro had a positive influence on the morphophysiological and productive indicators of the tobacco seedlings.展开更多
Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which ...Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which hold biotechnological potential to be used in industrial processes of agro-industrial residue bioconversion. This study performed a response surface statistical planning to optimize the secretion of enzymes such as laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) by Lentinus crinitus. Three variables were under analysis: different concentrations of barley and cassava residue, pH and temperature. MnP enzyme showed the highest enzymatic activity rate (23.5 IU/L). Additionally, MnP had the best results of enzyme secretion for substrate composition of 50% barley and 50% cassava, at pH 7 and temperature at 28°C for a 28-day incubation period. However, further studies are pivotal to test the efficiency in lignin bioconversion by the enzymes synthesized in this work and also to establish their usage pattern on a large scale.展开更多
The study was conducted aiming at evaluating the status of the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene District of SNNP,Central Ethiopia in 2016/2017.To evaluate the physicochemical pro...The study was conducted aiming at evaluating the status of the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene District of SNNP,Central Ethiopia in 2016/2017.To evaluate the physicochemical properties of honey,20 samples of honey having 1 kg each was collected purposely from traditional&frame hive at farm-gate level of three different agro-ecological locations&two rural markets.The results were compared with National,European and International honey quality standard requirement.Additionally the results were compared between different locations,market and farm-gate level as well as between traditional and frame hive honey samples.The physicochemical parameters of honey quality conducted in the analysis were color,moisture content,HMF(hydroxyl methyl furfural),free acidity,pH,ash,electro-conductivity,sugar content,sucrose&maltose.According to the analysis,except HMF which shows significant(p<0.05)differences between hive types was observed,all other quality parameters in relation to hive type,locations&level of collections did not show significant(p>0.05)differences between them.Generally the results of quality parameters indicated to be within the range of National,European and International quality standard requirement.The mean values of the collected honey samples were:moisture content(18.91%),electro-conductivity(0.65 mS/m),free acid(16.3 meq/kg),HMF(2.63 mg/kg),ash content(0.2 g/100g),sugar content(74.4%),sucrose(1.06%),maltose(0.95%)and the range of honey color was 3.3-3.96 mm p-fund scale.The results obtained therefore indicate that honey produced in the district shows excellent quality and is free of any adulterants in relation to National,European and International limits so that it can be exported.展开更多
文摘Agro seeds are vulnerable to environmental stressors,adversely affecting seed vigor,crop growth,and crop productivity.Different agrochemical-based seed treatments enhance seed germination,but they can also cause damage to the environment;therefore,sustainable technologies such as nano-based agrochemicals are urgently needed.Nanoagrochemicals can reduce the dose-dependent toxicity of seed treatment,thereby improving seed viability and ensuring the controlled release of nanoagrochemical active ingredients However,the applications of nanoagrochemicals to plants in the field raise concerns about nanomaterial safety,exposure levels,and toxicological implications to the environment and human health.In the present comprehensive review,the development,scope,challenges,and risk assessments of nanoagrochemicals on seed treatment are discussed.Moreover,the implementation obstacles for nanoagrochemicals use in seed treatments,their commercialization potential,and the need for policy regulations to assess possible risks are also discussed.Based on our knowledge,this is the first time that we have presented legendary literature to readers in order to help them gain a deeper understanding of upcoming nanotechnologies that may enable the development of future generation seed treatment agrochemical formulations,their scope,and potential risks associated with seed treatment.
文摘Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health and agriculture has led to its reduced efficacy. The objective of this review was to assess the role of agricultural pesticides use on the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. We searched library catalogues and public databases for studies that included data on resistance to the major classes of insecticides: organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, in the malaria vectors of Anopheles genera. There is a strong geographical bias in published studies many originating from West African countries. Several studies demonstrate that resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in the major malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes. Assessing the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control is complicated owing to the lack of studies into the epidemiological consequences of resistance on the control of malaria and other vector borne diseases.
文摘Weather plays an important role in our farming system. In greenhouse or internal farming system, weather monitoring is important. For better production and maintenance, it is important to monitor. This project is developed for forecasting weather parameters like humidity, temperature, soil moisture, and raid detection. Humidity and temperature are monitored for internal temperature. The soil is the most important part of a greenhouse. In this project, soil moisture level is monitored and controlled for maintaining soil moisture level. Rain detection is used in outside of the farm. It detects rainwater and sends a message to the server. It is monitored by using a local server. In remote routing area, it also can be monitored and controlled without physical existence. Also, it is a low-cost weather monitoring system for the agro farm. The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. The monitoring system could be designed by using the sensor. It is useful for forecasting and data analysis process. In this project weather forecasting system is designed by using a sensor. In this project, Raspberry Pi work like a remote monitoring and controlling system for the agro farm.
文摘To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International （ASI） method （ASI-Zn） for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal Yellow Sea, the relationship between relative rice yield and soil available ASI-Zn concentration was analyzed from a ten-field experiment with various soil test classes ranging from low to high fertility in 2005 and 2006, and nine Zn fertilizer application rates （0, 7.5 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, 45, 52.5 and 60 kg Zn/ha） arranged at random with three replications in each field. There was a significant quadratic relationship between soil available ASI-Zn and rice yield, and a significant linear relationship between soil available ASI-Zn concentration and Zn fertilization rate. For rice variety Wuyujing 3, soil available ASI-Zn was deficient when the value was at lower than 1 mg Zn/L, low at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, sufficient at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, excessive at higher than 7.5 mg Zn/L. Thus, Zn fertilizer recommendation could be done according to the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil ASI-Zn. For most of alluvial soils of the coastal Yellow Sea in the study, the available ASI-Zn was lower than 1 mg Zn/L, and then the optimum application rate of Zn fertilizer was about 20 kg Zn/ha.
文摘This study was designed to use LiDAR data to research tree heights in montane forest blocks of Kenya. It uses a completely randomised block design to asses if differences exist in forest heights: 1) among montane forest blocks, 2) among Agro ecological zones (AEZ) within each forest block and 3) between similar AEZ in different forest blocks. Forest height data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICE-SAT) for the period 2003-2009 was used for 2146 circular plots, of 0.2 - 0.25 ha in size. Results indicate that, tree height is largely influenced by Agro ecological conditions and the wetter zones have taller trees in the upper, middle and lower highlands. In the upper highland zones of limited human activity, tree heights did not vary among forest blocks. Variations in height among forest blocks and within forest blocks were exaggerated in regions of active human intervention.
文摘The rheological behavior of composites made with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and different agro fiber by-products such as corncob (CCF), Rice hull (RHF), Flax shives (FSF) and Walnut shell (WSF) flour of 60 - 100 mesh were studied. The experimental results were obtained from samples containing 65 vol.% agro fiber and 3 wt.% lubricant. Particle sizes distribution of the agro fibers was in the range of 0.295 mm to ?0.125 mm. SEM showed evidence of complete matrix/fiber impregnation or wetting. The melt rheological data in terms of complex viscosity (η*), storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and loss tangent (tanδ) were evaluated and compared for different samples. Due to higher probability of agglomeration formation in the samples containing 65 vol.% of agro fillers, the storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of these samples were high. The unique change in all the samples is due to the particle size distribution of the agro fibers. The storage and loss modulus increased with increasing shear rates for all the composites, except for Walnut shell composite which exhibited unusual decrease in storage modulus with increasing shear rate. Damping factor (tanδ) decreased with increasing shear rate for all the composites at 65 vol.% filler load although there were differences among the composites. Maximum torque tended to increase at the 65 vol.% agro fiber load for all composites. Corncob and Walnut shell composites gave higher torque and steady state torque values in comparison with Flax shives and Rice hull composites due to differences in particle sizes distribution of the agro fibers.
文摘The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.), are serious pests of stored rice in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the influence of growing environments to rice resistance to these pests. Thus, eleven rice varieties including 6 upland NERICA, 2 Oryza glaberrima and 3 O. sativa were grown at four agro ecological zones of Benin. After harvest, samples of 1500 grains of each genotype were infested with 20 adults of S. oryzae (10 males and 10 females) and 1500 additional ones were infested with 50 eggs of S. cerealella. Results showed significant effect of agro ecological zones on pest incidence and on varietal resistance as well. O. glaberrima varieties (TOG 5681 and CG 14) were the most resistant in each location whereas the resistance of NERICA and Sativa varieties varied from tolerant to susceptible according to the growing ecology. This result highlights the impact of growing environment on rice resistance status and will provide the best advice to farmers on how to choose best genetic material according to cropping ecology.
文摘Cultivation of bay leaves （Cinnamomum tamalaNees ＆ Eberm） to fulfil household income needs is a long established practice in Udayapur district of Nepal. The practices adopted by farmers for bay leaf harvesting have not, however, been validated by scientific investigation for their sustainability. To investigate the impacts of harvesting on the yield of branch, leaves and biomass of leaves, a two-year research project was conducted in farm fields at Kopche village of Routa VDC in Udayapur district, Nepal. Four different harvesting treatments, the orien-tation and the order of branches were taken as independent variables to test their effects on number of branches, leaves and biomass of leaves. Orientation, harvesting treatments and order of branches had a significant effect on the number of branches, but not on the number of leaves or biomass （fresh and dry weight） of leaves in the year of harvest. Between two consecutive harvests there was no significant difference in the num-ber of branches, leaves or biomass. Lower two-thirds portion of the trees produced the largest number of leaves and branches of the fourth order in both years. Therefore, lower two-thirds portion of the trees were suitable for harvesting. Our findings support farmer experience that no change in productivity of leaves is observed when harvesting each year. For long term sustainability, harvesting should be conducted without debarking of trees or damage to branches. Our findings could be extrapolated to and tested in other areas with different access and user rights where the rota-tion for harvest is fixed or regulated without research evidence.
文摘<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Centella asiatica </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants since preh</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">istoric times. The pharmaceutical importance of this herb is due to the accumulation of large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, collectively known as centelloids synthesized by the isoprenoid biosynthesis</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> path</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">way. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid in the plants proceeds via either of the tw</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">o pathways, viz. Mevalonate (MVA) pathway (in the cytosol) or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (in plastid). In </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Centella</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, the pathway leading to the accumulation of triterpenoid is still not known or elucidated. Thus, to know whether the MVA or MEP pathway or a cross-talk between the pathway leads to the biosynthesis of triterpenoid, silencing the key regulatory gene using RNAi tool, of each of the pathway and then analyze a metabolite is an efficient approach. The key regulatory enzyme of the MVA pathway </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. 3-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hydroxy</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMGR</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) has already been successfully silenced using RNAi tool</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a href="#ref1">[1]</a></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In the present study, the 1-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">deoxy-D-xylulose</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-5-</span><i
基金UndertheauspicesoftheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .4 9671 0 36) .
文摘s—In the paper, the three main principles of Landscape Ecology are put forward, that is, Holism Principles, Temporal spatial Scales Principles and Level Organization Principles, Eco cybernetic Principles and Mosaic Stable Principles. It is considered that landscape ecological planning & design (LEPD) is guided by landscape ecological theory, and its basic aim is to create a sustainable landscape ecological system (LES). Furthermore, a framework approach of LEDP is established, and a case study with Zhuolu Basin is taken with the concepts and the approach.
文摘This article reviews the literature reports base on agro waste plastic composites using different fiber as fillers and reinforcements. Various processing methods and conditions;compression molding process, injection molding, and extrusion method are used in the composites productions. Characterization challenges associated with the agro waste plastic composites productions were also examined. Thus, the findings of this research review can be use as a data base for further inquiring into the agro waste plastic composites in a view to enhance the development of the sector.
文摘In the present day availability of agricultural waste products is very huge quantity. Most of the industries prefer Metal matrix composite (MMC) due to their density, high strength to weight ratio, hardness, corrosion resistance, fatigue and creep resistance. Hence they are widely used in structural applications along with aerospace and automobile industry, marine, sports, electronic and automation industries. In the present paper a study is focused on the mechanical, tribological and corrosion behavior of the metal matrix composite using different agro waste ash which is easily available. Agro waste ash like Rice Husk, groundnut shell, bamboo leaf, coconut shell can be used as reinforcement and applicable for various applications like automotive, structural components. From this current study, it’s clearly identified that addition of agro waste ash as reinforcement with Aluminium improves the properties of metal matrix composite. Aluminium metal with such reinforcement materials has shown a high specific strength, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, also it will increase hardness, satisfactory levels of corrosion resistance.
文摘Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 cm in 60 quarter hectare plots distributed in 7 agro ecological zones (AEZ) namely LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, UH0, UH1 and UH2. Basal area per species was used to calculate species relative dominance i.e. the proportion of basal area by a species to the total basal area of the AEZ. Species associations were analysed as the group of highly ranked species in each AEZ. Sorensons similarity index was used to calculate the proportion of similar species among AEZ. Analysis of variance compared basal area among AEZ and Tukey’s multiple comparison test used to identify specific AEZ with differences. Tabernaemontana stapfiana (Britten) was ranked first in LH1, UH1 and UH0 with relative dominance values of 22.66%, 22.89% and 30.73% respectively. It was however not recorded in any other AEZs. Dombeya goetzenii (K. Schum) occurred in 6 of the 7 AEZs but had moderate dominance values in each of the 6 AEZs. The sum of dominance values per species in all AEZs indicated no species mono-dominance and different species dominated at different AEZs. Co-dominance resulted in species associations like Tabernaemontana-Allophylus-Eke-bergia-Albizia in LH1, Juniperus-Dombeya-Casearia-Prunus in LH2, Acokanthera-Cussonia-Olea-Teclea in LH4 and Tabernaemontana-Syzygium-Podocarpus-Neoboutonia in UH1. Species richness was highest in UH1 and had the highest similarity indices with those of other AEZs. The UH1 had a species similarity of 67% with LH1, 63% with LH2 and 56% with LH4. However, species in the very humid zone UH0 differed with those of the drier lower highland zones (UH0 vs LH3 and vs LH4 = 31% and 37% respectively). Basal area differed significantly among AEZ ( = 3.76) showing that they differ in stocking levels. Tukeys test showed that high potential zones of LH1, LH2, UH0, UH1 did not differ and similarly the lower potent
文摘Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut husk is difficult to decompose due to its high lignin and cellulose content. In this study, coir pith was composted with different agro industrial by products such as cow dung, vegetable market waste, poultry waste and microbial consortium. The different treatment combinations used in the present study were Control, T1 (Coir pith + Cow dung + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + mixed microbial culture (Trichoderma viridae + Pleurotus sajar caju), T2 (Coir pith + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + Tank slit + Mixed microbial culture) and T3 (Coir pith + Cow dung + poultry waste + tank slit + mixed microbial culture). At the end of 12th week, in the treatment T1, C: N ratio of 21.8:1 was observed in the composted coir pith sample. Highest P content of 0.47% and K content of 1.2% and the least Cellulose and Lignin contents of 22.8% and 10.03% were recorded in the T1 treatment after a composting period of 12 weeks. Highest pH of 7.4 was observed in the treatment T3, this was followed by T1 (7.2) treatment.
文摘The Tunisian coastal oases constitute a model of very rich plant biodiversity, organized in different floors of cultivation. The date palm is the highest, the second is the diversified fruit trees and the smallest is composed by various other productions. The present paper is the results of a RAA diagnosis and bibliographic analysis of nearly thirty years of work on oases. The aim of this study is to focus on the plant diversity and the traditions in using different products. The survey revealed the existence of nearly 45 local date palm varieties, about 26 fruit trees, 65 vegetables and divers other species. It also raises nearly 30 uses of dates and date palm by-products. This survey shows also that oases inhabitants keep in possessing, for a long time, a knowledge to make ingenious concerning use and conservation of the products and by products of the date palm. This survey has all as much demonstrated the risks from weakening this balance which has long been maintained. Some recommendations to maintain and conserve this system are also presented in this paper.
文摘With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replications.The variants were:dosage of 0.2,0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha and one control.The variables are recorded at three points of the cultivation cycle 10th,20th and 30th days after planting(DAP).Among the indicators evaluated were the fresh and dry mass of the plants,the leaves per plant,foliar area,the length and diameter of the stalk as well as the characteristics of the root.The rates of physiological growth and agricultural yield were also evaluated.The results showed a significant increase(p≤0.05)in the fresh and dry mass of the plants when VIUSID was used.Regarding the length of the stalk,the average increases of those treated in comparison to the control in the final evaluation were 28.42%,30.51%,41.17%and 38.43%.In terms of the diameter of the stalk and the foliar area in all evaluations,the treatments with VIUSID significantly exceeded the control.The absolute growth rate and net assimilation was significantly higher when the product was used.In the relative growth rate,the most favourable behaviour was the dosage of 0.5 L/ha,in final evaluation.With regard to yield,the best performance with significant differences(p≤0.05)to the other treatments was the dosage of 0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha.Therefore,VIUSID agro had a positive influence on the morphophysiological and productive indicators of the tobacco seedlings.
文摘Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which hold biotechnological potential to be used in industrial processes of agro-industrial residue bioconversion. This study performed a response surface statistical planning to optimize the secretion of enzymes such as laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) by Lentinus crinitus. Three variables were under analysis: different concentrations of barley and cassava residue, pH and temperature. MnP enzyme showed the highest enzymatic activity rate (23.5 IU/L). Additionally, MnP had the best results of enzyme secretion for substrate composition of 50% barley and 50% cassava, at pH 7 and temperature at 28°C for a 28-day incubation period. However, further studies are pivotal to test the efficiency in lignin bioconversion by the enzymes synthesized in this work and also to establish their usage pattern on a large scale.
文摘The study was conducted aiming at evaluating the status of the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene District of SNNP,Central Ethiopia in 2016/2017.To evaluate the physicochemical properties of honey,20 samples of honey having 1 kg each was collected purposely from traditional&frame hive at farm-gate level of three different agro-ecological locations&two rural markets.The results were compared with National,European and International honey quality standard requirement.Additionally the results were compared between different locations,market and farm-gate level as well as between traditional and frame hive honey samples.The physicochemical parameters of honey quality conducted in the analysis were color,moisture content,HMF(hydroxyl methyl furfural),free acidity,pH,ash,electro-conductivity,sugar content,sucrose&maltose.According to the analysis,except HMF which shows significant(p<0.05)differences between hive types was observed,all other quality parameters in relation to hive type,locations&level of collections did not show significant(p>0.05)differences between them.Generally the results of quality parameters indicated to be within the range of National,European and International quality standard requirement.The mean values of the collected honey samples were:moisture content(18.91%),electro-conductivity(0.65 mS/m),free acid(16.3 meq/kg),HMF(2.63 mg/kg),ash content(0.2 g/100g),sugar content(74.4%),sucrose(1.06%),maltose(0.95%)and the range of honey color was 3.3-3.96 mm p-fund scale.The results obtained therefore indicate that honey produced in the district shows excellent quality and is free of any adulterants in relation to National,European and International limits so that it can be exported.
