为实现快速无损获取马铃薯株高和地上生物量信息,分别获取马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期、成熟期的高光谱影像,实测马铃薯株高H、地上生物量(AGB)和地面控制点(GCP)的三维空间坐标,基于无人机高光谱影像结合GCP生...为实现快速无损获取马铃薯株高和地上生物量信息,分别获取马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期、成熟期的高光谱影像,实测马铃薯株高H、地上生物量(AGB)和地面控制点(GCP)的三维空间坐标,基于无人机高光谱影像结合GCP生成试验田的数字表面模型(DSM),利用DSM提取马铃薯的株高H_(dsm);然后,对马铃薯AGB与原始无人机冠层光谱和高光谱指数分别进行相关性分析,筛选出最优光谱指数和前10个光谱指数,利用指数回归(Exponential regression,ER)构建单变量模型;最后,采用多元线性回归(Multiple linear regression,MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(Partial least square regression,PLSR)和随机森林(Random forest,RF)3种方法构建不同生育期的估算模型,并进行对比,挑选出马铃薯AGB估算的最优模型。结果表明:将提取的马铃薯株高与实测值进行线性拟合,R 2为0.84;在单变量模型中,每个生育期以ER估算AGB得到的验证精度高于相应的建模精度,其中构建模型效果优劣次序依次为最优光谱指数、H_(dsm)、H,块茎增长期以CIrededge指数估测精度最高(R 2=0.45);在多变量模型中,每个生育期采用3种方法构建AGB估算模型,每种方法以光谱指数加入H_(dsm)的模型精度更高、稳定性更强;每个生育期利用MLR以光谱指数和H_(dsm)为变量的AGB模型(R^(2)为0.64、0.70、0.79、0.68、0.63)效果优于PLSR(R^(2)为0.62、0.68、0.75、0.67、0.60)和RF(R^(2)为0.56、0.61、0.67、0.63、0.53)模型。利用MLR模型进行马铃薯AGB填图,5个生育期的AGB空间分布与实际生长情况一致。利用融入H_(dsm)的MLR模型可估测大面积马铃薯AGB,为精准农业定量化研究提供技术支持。展开更多
The above-ground net primary production(ANPP) and the precipitation-use efficiency(PUE) regulate the carbon and water cycles in grassland ecosystems, but the relationships among the ANPP, PUE and precipitation are sti...The above-ground net primary production(ANPP) and the precipitation-use efficiency(PUE) regulate the carbon and water cycles in grassland ecosystems, but the relationships among the ANPP, PUE and precipitation are still controversial. We selected 717 grassland sites with ANPP and mean annual precipitation(MAP) data from 40 publications to characterize the relationships ANPP–MAP and PUE–MAP across different grassland types. The MAP and ANPP showed large variations across all grassland types, ranging from 69 to 2335 mm and 4.3 to 1706 g m^(-2), respectively. The global maximum PUE ranged from 0.19 to 1.49 g m^(-2) mm^(-1) with a unimodal pattern. Analysis using the sigmoid function explained the ANPP–MAP relationship best at the global scale. The gradient of the ANPP–MAP graph was small for arid and semi-arid sites(MAP <400 mm). This study improves our understanding of the relationship between ANPP and MAP across dry grassland ecosystems. It provides new perspectives on the prediction and modeling of variations in the ANPP for different grassland types along precipitation gradients.展开更多
草地生物量是草地生态系统的重要参数,草原冠层植被光谱的复杂性使得长期评估草场生长状况成为一种挑战。目前少有研究对内蒙典型草原原始光谱信息进行深度探索,探讨地物光谱信息对地上生物量估算的影响。本研究于2017年7月至2018年8月...草地生物量是草地生态系统的重要参数,草原冠层植被光谱的复杂性使得长期评估草场生长状况成为一种挑战。目前少有研究对内蒙典型草原原始光谱信息进行深度探索,探讨地物光谱信息对地上生物量估算的影响。本研究于2017年7月至2018年8月使用ASD Field Spec3野外便携式高光谱仪采集内蒙古锡林郭勒毛登牧场的草地冠层高光谱数据,分析草地的反射光谱曲线来表征植被变化的趋势。同时采用光谱预处理方法结合多种高光谱模型选出最优预测模型。结果表明:(1)从对比不同的广义线性拟合模型(Generalize linear model,GLM)的预测精度来看,最佳的高光谱建模方法为,选取SD_(r)/SD_(b)为变量的最佳模型为y=-3.7953x 2+60.065x-78.455(x为SD_(r)/ SD_(b),y是估算的地上生物量鲜重),拟合R^(2)=0.662,预测R^(2)=0.302。(2)高光谱变量与地上生物量干重之间分析中,选择SD_(r)-SD_(y)/ SD_(r)+SD_(y)作为变量的最佳模型为y=7.744 e 3.4349x(x为SD_(r)-SD_(b)/SD_(r)+SD_(b),y是估算的地上生物量干重),拟合R^(2)=0.559;预测R^(2)=0.304。该研究结果对草地生物量高光谱预测建模具有科学价值。展开更多
Changes in tree mortality due to severe drought can alter forest structure,composition,dynamics,ecosystem services,carbon fl uxes,and energy interactions between the atmosphere and land surfaces.We utilized long-term(...Changes in tree mortality due to severe drought can alter forest structure,composition,dynamics,ecosystem services,carbon fl uxes,and energy interactions between the atmosphere and land surfaces.We utilized long-term(2000‒2017,3 full inventory cycles)Forest Inventory and Analysis(FIA)data to examine tree mortality and biomass loss in drought-aff ected forests for East Texas,USA.Plots that experienced six or more years of droughts during those censuses were selected based on 12-month moderate drought severity[Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index(SPEI)-1.0].Plots that experienced other disturbances and inconsistent records were excluded from the analysis.In total,222 plots were retained from nearly 4000 plots.Generalized nonlinear mixed models(GNMMs)were used to examine the changes in tree mortality and recruitment rates for selected plots.The results showed that tree mortality rates and biomass loss to mortality increased overall,and across tree sizes,dominant genera,height classes,and ecoregions.An average mortality rate of 5.89%year−1 during the study period could be incited by water stress created by the regional prolonged and episodic drought events.The overall plot and species-group level recruitment rates decreased during the study period.Forest mortality showed mixed results regarding basal area and forest density using all plots together and when analyzed the plots by stand origin and ecoregion.Higher mortality rates of smaller trees were detected and were likely compounded by densitydependent factors.Comparative analysis of drought-induced tree mortality using hydro-meteorological data along with drought severity and length gradient is suggested to better understand the eff ects of drought on tree mortality and biomass loss around and beyond East Texas in the southeastern United States.展开更多
利用2015-2016年8月采集的黄河源区草地生物量数据和MODIS卫星遥感资料,结合农业多光谱相机(agricultural digital camera,ADC)获取的植被指数数据,比较分析3种_(ADC)植被指数(NDVI_(ADC)、SAVI_(ADC)和GNDVI_(ADC))与野外实测草地地上...利用2015-2016年8月采集的黄河源区草地生物量数据和MODIS卫星遥感资料,结合农业多光谱相机(agricultural digital camera,ADC)获取的植被指数数据,比较分析3种_(ADC)植被指数(NDVI_(ADC)、SAVI_(ADC)和GNDVI_(ADC))与野外实测草地地上生物量(above-ground biomass,AGB)数据的相关性,筛选出适合构建草地AGB反演模型的_(ADC)植被指数;结合MODIS NDVI(记作NDVIMOD)构建草地地上生物量反演模型,采用留一法交叉验证方法评价各模型精度,确立适宜模拟研究区草地AGB的最优模型;并利用NDVI_(ADC)校正NDVI_(MOD),获得高分辨率、高精度的草地AGB遥感监测改进模型。结果表明,1)基于_(ADC)获取的3种植被指数中,NDVI_(ADC)与高寒草地地上生物量关系最为密切,其次为SAVI_(ADC),拟合效果最差的是GNDVI_(ADC);2)基于NDVI_(ADC)建立的草地AGB监测模型的精度(RMSEP介于383.55~393.18kg DW/hm2;r范围为0.65~0.66)远高于NDVI_(MOD)的模型精度(RMSEP介于421.08~427.00kg DW/hm^2;r范围为0.55~0.58),NDVI_(ADC)反演得到的草地AGB更接近于黄河源区草地实际生物量,且相较于NDVI_(ADC),NDVI_(MOD)的样本值整体偏高;3)在NDVI_(ADC)构建的4类模型中,线性和乘幂模型模拟研究区草地AGB的能力较好,但线性模型精度更高(y=3248.93×NDVI_(ADC)-305.59,RMSEP=383.55kg DW/hm^2,r=0.66),该模型为黄河源区草地生物量的估测提供了一个新型且易操作的方法;4)NDVI_(ADC)与NDVIMOD相关性较高,利用NDVI_(ADC)校正NDVI_(MOD)可以改进草地AGB遥感反演模型,优化模型为y=2455.54×NDVI_(MOD)-301.69。该模型可在大尺度范围内估测黄河源区的草地生物量,且模型精度接近于地表测量法的监测精度。展开更多
This study describes the different parameters used to derive the allometric equation for calculating the biomass of an invasive woody shrub Lantana camara L.from the subtropical conditions of western Himalaya.It ident...This study describes the different parameters used to derive the allometric equation for calculating the biomass of an invasive woody shrub Lantana camara L.from the subtropical conditions of western Himalaya.It identifies the most accurate and convenient method for biomass calculation by comparing destructive with nondestructive methodology.Different parameters were measured on a wide range of Lantana from different community levels for the non-destructive calculation of total aboveground biomass.Different explanatory variables were identified and measured such as basal diameter either as a single independent variable or in combination with plant height.The other suitable combinations of available independent variables include crown length,crown width,crown area,crown volume and coverage of the plant.Amongst the wide range of allometric equations used with different variables,the equation with D2 H as a variable was found to be the most suitable estimator of biomass calculation for Lantana.Sahastradhara,being the most disturbed area due to its high tourist activity round the year,showed maximum coverage（58.57 % ha-1）,highest biomass（13,559.60 kg ha-1） and carbon density（6,373.01 kg ha-1）of Lantana.The degree of Lantana’s invasiveness in subtropical conditions was also calculated on the basis of importance value index（IVI）.The maximum IVI（22.77）and mean coverage（26.8 % ha-1） was obtained from the areas near Jolly Grant airport,indicating that physically disturbed areas are more suitable for the growth of Lantana,which may significantly increase shrub biomass.The importance of incorporating allometric equations in calculation of shrub biomass,and its role in atmospheric carbon assimilation has thus been highlighted through the findings of this study.展开更多
文摘为实现快速无损获取马铃薯株高和地上生物量信息,分别获取马铃薯现蕾期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期、成熟期的高光谱影像,实测马铃薯株高H、地上生物量(AGB)和地面控制点(GCP)的三维空间坐标,基于无人机高光谱影像结合GCP生成试验田的数字表面模型(DSM),利用DSM提取马铃薯的株高H_(dsm);然后,对马铃薯AGB与原始无人机冠层光谱和高光谱指数分别进行相关性分析,筛选出最优光谱指数和前10个光谱指数,利用指数回归(Exponential regression,ER)构建单变量模型;最后,采用多元线性回归(Multiple linear regression,MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(Partial least square regression,PLSR)和随机森林(Random forest,RF)3种方法构建不同生育期的估算模型,并进行对比,挑选出马铃薯AGB估算的最优模型。结果表明:将提取的马铃薯株高与实测值进行线性拟合,R 2为0.84;在单变量模型中,每个生育期以ER估算AGB得到的验证精度高于相应的建模精度,其中构建模型效果优劣次序依次为最优光谱指数、H_(dsm)、H,块茎增长期以CIrededge指数估测精度最高(R 2=0.45);在多变量模型中,每个生育期采用3种方法构建AGB估算模型,每种方法以光谱指数加入H_(dsm)的模型精度更高、稳定性更强;每个生育期利用MLR以光谱指数和H_(dsm)为变量的AGB模型(R^(2)为0.64、0.70、0.79、0.68、0.63)效果优于PLSR(R^(2)为0.62、0.68、0.75、0.67、0.60)和RF(R^(2)为0.56、0.61、0.67、0.63、0.53)模型。利用MLR模型进行马铃薯AGB填图,5个生育期的AGB空间分布与实际生长情况一致。利用融入H_(dsm)的MLR模型可估测大面积马铃薯AGB,为精准农业定量化研究提供技术支持。
基金jointly funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20020401)the Young Foundation of Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment(SDS-QN-1702)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41571205)
文摘The above-ground net primary production(ANPP) and the precipitation-use efficiency(PUE) regulate the carbon and water cycles in grassland ecosystems, but the relationships among the ANPP, PUE and precipitation are still controversial. We selected 717 grassland sites with ANPP and mean annual precipitation(MAP) data from 40 publications to characterize the relationships ANPP–MAP and PUE–MAP across different grassland types. The MAP and ANPP showed large variations across all grassland types, ranging from 69 to 2335 mm and 4.3 to 1706 g m^(-2), respectively. The global maximum PUE ranged from 0.19 to 1.49 g m^(-2) mm^(-1) with a unimodal pattern. Analysis using the sigmoid function explained the ANPP–MAP relationship best at the global scale. The gradient of the ANPP–MAP graph was small for arid and semi-arid sites(MAP <400 mm). This study improves our understanding of the relationship between ANPP and MAP across dry grassland ecosystems. It provides new perspectives on the prediction and modeling of variations in the ANPP for different grassland types along precipitation gradients.
文摘草地生物量是草地生态系统的重要参数,草原冠层植被光谱的复杂性使得长期评估草场生长状况成为一种挑战。目前少有研究对内蒙典型草原原始光谱信息进行深度探索,探讨地物光谱信息对地上生物量估算的影响。本研究于2017年7月至2018年8月使用ASD Field Spec3野外便携式高光谱仪采集内蒙古锡林郭勒毛登牧场的草地冠层高光谱数据,分析草地的反射光谱曲线来表征植被变化的趋势。同时采用光谱预处理方法结合多种高光谱模型选出最优预测模型。结果表明:(1)从对比不同的广义线性拟合模型(Generalize linear model,GLM)的预测精度来看,最佳的高光谱建模方法为,选取SD_(r)/SD_(b)为变量的最佳模型为y=-3.7953x 2+60.065x-78.455(x为SD_(r)/ SD_(b),y是估算的地上生物量鲜重),拟合R^(2)=0.662,预测R^(2)=0.302。(2)高光谱变量与地上生物量干重之间分析中,选择SD_(r)-SD_(y)/ SD_(r)+SD_(y)作为变量的最佳模型为y=7.744 e 3.4349x(x为SD_(r)-SD_(b)/SD_(r)+SD_(b),y是估算的地上生物量干重),拟合R^(2)=0.559;预测R^(2)=0.304。该研究结果对草地生物量高光谱预测建模具有科学价值。
文摘Changes in tree mortality due to severe drought can alter forest structure,composition,dynamics,ecosystem services,carbon fl uxes,and energy interactions between the atmosphere and land surfaces.We utilized long-term(2000‒2017,3 full inventory cycles)Forest Inventory and Analysis(FIA)data to examine tree mortality and biomass loss in drought-aff ected forests for East Texas,USA.Plots that experienced six or more years of droughts during those censuses were selected based on 12-month moderate drought severity[Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index(SPEI)-1.0].Plots that experienced other disturbances and inconsistent records were excluded from the analysis.In total,222 plots were retained from nearly 4000 plots.Generalized nonlinear mixed models(GNMMs)were used to examine the changes in tree mortality and recruitment rates for selected plots.The results showed that tree mortality rates and biomass loss to mortality increased overall,and across tree sizes,dominant genera,height classes,and ecoregions.An average mortality rate of 5.89%year−1 during the study period could be incited by water stress created by the regional prolonged and episodic drought events.The overall plot and species-group level recruitment rates decreased during the study period.Forest mortality showed mixed results regarding basal area and forest density using all plots together and when analyzed the plots by stand origin and ecoregion.Higher mortality rates of smaller trees were detected and were likely compounded by densitydependent factors.Comparative analysis of drought-induced tree mortality using hydro-meteorological data along with drought severity and length gradient is suggested to better understand the eff ects of drought on tree mortality and biomass loss around and beyond East Texas in the southeastern United States.
文摘This study describes the different parameters used to derive the allometric equation for calculating the biomass of an invasive woody shrub Lantana camara L.from the subtropical conditions of western Himalaya.It identifies the most accurate and convenient method for biomass calculation by comparing destructive with nondestructive methodology.Different parameters were measured on a wide range of Lantana from different community levels for the non-destructive calculation of total aboveground biomass.Different explanatory variables were identified and measured such as basal diameter either as a single independent variable or in combination with plant height.The other suitable combinations of available independent variables include crown length,crown width,crown area,crown volume and coverage of the plant.Amongst the wide range of allometric equations used with different variables,the equation with D2 H as a variable was found to be the most suitable estimator of biomass calculation for Lantana.Sahastradhara,being the most disturbed area due to its high tourist activity round the year,showed maximum coverage（58.57 % ha-1）,highest biomass（13,559.60 kg ha-1） and carbon density（6,373.01 kg ha-1）of Lantana.The degree of Lantana’s invasiveness in subtropical conditions was also calculated on the basis of importance value index（IVI）.The maximum IVI（22.77）and mean coverage（26.8 % ha-1） was obtained from the areas near Jolly Grant airport,indicating that physically disturbed areas are more suitable for the growth of Lantana,which may significantly increase shrub biomass.The importance of incorporating allometric equations in calculation of shrub biomass,and its role in atmospheric carbon assimilation has thus been highlighted through the findings of this study.
