[Objective] The aim was to study the explants sterilization and callus induction of Aquilegia oxysepala.[Method] the seeds of Aquilegia oxysepala were sterilized by different kinds and concentrations of disinfectants,...[Objective] The aim was to study the explants sterilization and callus induction of Aquilegia oxysepala.[Method] the seeds of Aquilegia oxysepala were sterilized by different kinds and concentrations of disinfectants,and the pollution rate and pollution speed were investigated so as to find the best way to build sterile seedling setup.Taking the roots,stem segments and leaves of the sterile seedlings from Aquilegia oxysepala seeds as explants,the optimum explants and medium were screened by adding MS basic medium with different hormone proportions.[Result] The best germicidal treatment was as follows：explants were soaked in 75% alcohol for 30 s firstly,washed by sterile water for 5 times,then soaked in 0.2% mercuric chloride liquid for 2 min,finally washed by sterile water for 5 times again.The sterilization treatment could get the lowest pollution rate,the highest germinating capacity and the best sterile seedling.Roots were the optimum explants for the callus induction of Aquilegia oxysepala,meanwhile the optimal medium was MS＋0.6 mg/L 2,4-D＋0.5 mg/L 6-BA.[Conclusion] The research provides technical support for the large scale production of Aquilegia oxysepala and also makes a contribution to the medicinal and ornamental value of Aquilegia oxysepala.展开更多
Aims This study explores the patterns of niche differentiation in a group of seven closely related columbines(genus Aquilegia,ranunculaceae)from the Iberian Peninsula.Populations of these columbines are subject to com...Aims This study explores the patterns of niche differentiation in a group of seven closely related columbines(genus Aquilegia,ranunculaceae)from the Iberian Peninsula.Populations of these columbines are subject to complex patterns of divergent selection across environ-ments,which partly explain the taxonomic structure of the group.This suggests the hypothesis that niche divergence must have occurred along the process of diversification of the group.Methods We used maxEnt to build environmental niche models of seven subspecies belonging to the three species of Aquilegia present in the Iberian Peninsula.From these models,we compared the envi-ronmental niches through two different approaches:ENmtools and multivariate methods.Important FindingsmaxEnt distributions conformed closely to the actual distribution of the study taxa.ENmtools methods failed to uncover any clear patterns of niche differentiation or conservatism in Iberian columbines.multivariate analyses indicate the existence of dif-ferentiation along altitudinal gradients and along a gradient of climatic conditions determined by the summer precipitation and temperatures.However,climatic conditions related to winter tem-perature and precipitation,as well as soil properties,were equally likely to show conservatism or divergence.The complex patterns of niche evolution we found suggest that Iberian Columbines have not been significantly constrained by forces of niche conservatism,so they could respond adaptively to the fast and profound climate changes in the Iberian Peninsula through the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene.展开更多
Variations of nectar spur length allow pollinators to utilize resources in novel ways,leading to the different selective pressures on spurs and allowing taxa to diversify.However,the mechanisms underlying spur length ...Variations of nectar spur length allow pollinators to utilize resources in novel ways,leading to the different selective pressures on spurs and allowing taxa to diversify.However,the mechanisms underlying spur length variation remain unclear.Interspecific comparisons of spur length suggest that both cell division and anisotropic expansion could explain the changes of spur length,and that hormone-related genes contribute to the process of spur formation.In contrast,little is known about intraspecific spur length variation.In Aquilegia rockii,spur length varies strikingly,ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm.To examine the potential mechanisms underlying spur length variation in A.rockii,we observed cell morphology and analyzed RNA-seq of short-and long-spurred flowers.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at two positions on spurs there were no differences in either cell density or cell anisotropy between short-and long-spurred flowers,suggesting that in A.rockii changes in cell number may explain variations in spur length.In addition,we screened transcriptomes of short-and long-spurred flowers for differentially expressed genes;this screen identified several genes linked to cell division(e.g.,F-box,CDKB2-2,and LST8),a finding which is consistent with our analysis of the cellular morphology of spurs.However,we did not find any highly expressed genes involved in the hormone pathway in long-spurred flowers.In contrast to previous hypotheses that anisotropic cell expansion leads to interspecific spur variation in Aquilegia,our results suggest that cell number changes and related genes are mainly responsible for spur length variations of A.rockii.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of similar floral traits in morphology may be quite different,enriching our understanding of the mechanisms of flower diversity in angiosperms.展开更多
Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies diverg...Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies divergence and niche width evolution.We assess the contri-bution of these processes to shape current elevational limits and determine elevational phenotypic divergence between two subspe-cies of Aquilegia vulgaris(subsp.vulgaris and nevadensis).Methods We conducted sowing and transplant experiments considering four elevations throughout the current elevational range of A.vulgaris in southern Iberian Peninsula.Experiments were designed to explore,on the one hand,local adaptation through three components of performance(germination,survival and growth)and,on the other hand,the phenotypic differentiation and/or plasticity associated to local adaptation.Four populations per subspecies(three from the elevational core and one from the elevational boundary)were used as seed sources.Patterns of local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation are examined in the context of the‘centre-periphery’hypothesis.Important Findings Central populations of both subspecies performed better at their local elevations while marginal populations were maladapted,confirming the hypothesis and contributing to explain the current elevational segregation of these subspecies.Density of glandular pubescence and germination timing seem to be related to local adaptation,through phenotypic differentiation between subspe-cies or elevations.The widespread subsp.vulgaris showed signals of adaptive plasticity in the timing of germination while it was not the case in the endemic subsp.nevadensis.展开更多
Spurs have played an important role in the radiation of the genus Aquilegia,but little is known about how the spurless state arose in A.ecalcarata.Here we aim to characterize the genetic divergence within A.ecalcarata...Spurs have played an important role in the radiation of the genus Aquilegia,but little is known about how the spurless state arose in A.ecalcarata.Here we aim to characterize the genetic divergence within A.ecalcarata and gain insights into the origin of this species.A total of 19 populations from A.ecalcarata and 23 populations from three of its closest relatives(Aquilegia kansuensis,Aquilegia rockii and Aquilegia yabeana)were sampled in this study.We sequenced fifteen nuclear gene fragments across the genome and three chloroplast loci to conduct phylogenetic,PCoA and STRUCTURE analyses.Our analyses indicate that A.ecalcarata may not be monophyletic and can be divided into two distinct lineages(A.ecalcarataⅠand A.ecalcarataⅡ).A.ecalcarataⅠis genetically close to A.kansuensis,whereas A.ecalcarataⅡis close to A.rockii.Isolation-with-migration analysis suggested that historical gene flow was low between A.ecalcarataⅠand A.rockii,as well as between A.ecalcarataⅡand A.kansuensis.The two distinct lineages of A.ecalcarata show significant divergence in 13 floral traits and also have distinct distributions.In addition,both A.ecalcarataⅠandⅡare adapted to a stony environment that differs from that of their closest relatives,indicating a habitat shift may have driven new adaptations.Our findings enrich the understanding of how floral evolution contributes to species diversification.展开更多
Aims Experimental studies of the response to environmental variation of closely related taxa are needed to understand the mechanisms underly-ing phenotypic divergence,habitat segregation and range span within a radiat...Aims Experimental studies of the response to environmental variation of closely related taxa are needed to understand the mechanisms underly-ing phenotypic divergence,habitat segregation and range span within a radiating genus.We explored the magnitude of phenotypic differenti-ation and adaptive plasticity in relation to edaphic variation and its sig-nificance for habitat segregation and range span in Iberian columbines.Methods We performed a common garden experiment varying soil type(cal-careous vs.siliceous)and depth(rocky-shallow vs.deep)with two pairs of widespread and narrowly distributed subspecies of Iberian columbines:Aquilegia vulgaris(subspp.vulgaris and nevadensis)and Aquilegia pyrenaica(subspp.pyrenaica and cazorlensis).We com-pared tolerance to edaphic variation,trait differentiation and adaptive plasticity of 10 morpho-functional traits between species and distri-bution ranges.additionally,we obtained estimates of the competitive environment faced by each taxon in two to four populations per taxa.Important Findingsresults partially support hypotheses of higher competitive ability and tolerance to edaphic variation in widespread than in narrow endemic taxa.at the species level,the widely distributed taxon was the most tolerant to edaphic variation.Within species,no consistent pattern emerged since the population from the most widespread subspecies was the most tolerant in A.vulgaris but not in A.pyr-enaica.Columbines were differentiated in many traits at species and range level.However,the pattern of differentiation does not fully support the hypothesis of higher specialization and stress toler-ance in narrow endemics.although plasticity was generally low,the results support the hypothesis of adaptive plasticity in widespread but not in restricted taxa at least at species level.Ecological differences(adaptive plasticity and competitive ability among others)may have contributed to phenotypic divergence and edaphic niche segregation,as well as to differences in range span among columbines.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DL09BA16)Science Research Foundation for Young Scientists of northeast Forestry University(09047 )Graduate Project Technology Innovation Funds of Northeast Forestry University~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the explants sterilization and callus induction of Aquilegia oxysepala.[Method] the seeds of Aquilegia oxysepala were sterilized by different kinds and concentrations of disinfectants,and the pollution rate and pollution speed were investigated so as to find the best way to build sterile seedling setup.Taking the roots,stem segments and leaves of the sterile seedlings from Aquilegia oxysepala seeds as explants,the optimum explants and medium were screened by adding MS basic medium with different hormone proportions.[Result] The best germicidal treatment was as follows：explants were soaked in 75% alcohol for 30 s firstly,washed by sterile water for 5 times,then soaked in 0.2% mercuric chloride liquid for 2 min,finally washed by sterile water for 5 times again.The sterilization treatment could get the lowest pollution rate,the highest germinating capacity and the best sterile seedling.Roots were the optimum explants for the callus induction of Aquilegia oxysepala,meanwhile the optimal medium was MS＋0.6 mg/L 2,4-D＋0.5 mg/L 6-BA.[Conclusion] The research provides technical support for the large scale production of Aquilegia oxysepala and also makes a contribution to the medicinal and ornamental value of Aquilegia oxysepala.
基金Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación(MICINN,project CGL2006-02848)FEDER funds of the European CommissionMICINN grant(BES-2007-16060 to R.J.).
文摘Aims This study explores the patterns of niche differentiation in a group of seven closely related columbines(genus Aquilegia,ranunculaceae)from the Iberian Peninsula.Populations of these columbines are subject to complex patterns of divergent selection across environ-ments,which partly explain the taxonomic structure of the group.This suggests the hypothesis that niche divergence must have occurred along the process of diversification of the group.Methods We used maxEnt to build environmental niche models of seven subspecies belonging to the three species of Aquilegia present in the Iberian Peninsula.From these models,we compared the envi-ronmental niches through two different approaches:ENmtools and multivariate methods.Important FindingsmaxEnt distributions conformed closely to the actual distribution of the study taxa.ENmtools methods failed to uncover any clear patterns of niche differentiation or conservatism in Iberian columbines.multivariate analyses indicate the existence of dif-ferentiation along altitudinal gradients and along a gradient of climatic conditions determined by the summer precipitation and temperatures.However,climatic conditions related to winter tem-perature and precipitation,as well as soil properties,were equally likely to show conservatism or divergence.The complex patterns of niche evolution we found suggest that Iberian Columbines have not been significantly constrained by forces of niche conservatism,so they could respond adaptively to the fast and profound climate changes in the Iberian Peninsula through the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760104, 41461014, 31460040, and 31870183)
文摘Variations of nectar spur length allow pollinators to utilize resources in novel ways,leading to the different selective pressures on spurs and allowing taxa to diversify.However,the mechanisms underlying spur length variation remain unclear.Interspecific comparisons of spur length suggest that both cell division and anisotropic expansion could explain the changes of spur length,and that hormone-related genes contribute to the process of spur formation.In contrast,little is known about intraspecific spur length variation.In Aquilegia rockii,spur length varies strikingly,ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm.To examine the potential mechanisms underlying spur length variation in A.rockii,we observed cell morphology and analyzed RNA-seq of short-and long-spurred flowers.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at two positions on spurs there were no differences in either cell density or cell anisotropy between short-and long-spurred flowers,suggesting that in A.rockii changes in cell number may explain variations in spur length.In addition,we screened transcriptomes of short-and long-spurred flowers for differentially expressed genes;this screen identified several genes linked to cell division(e.g.,F-box,CDKB2-2,and LST8),a finding which is consistent with our analysis of the cellular morphology of spurs.However,we did not find any highly expressed genes involved in the hormone pathway in long-spurred flowers.In contrast to previous hypotheses that anisotropic cell expansion leads to interspecific spur variation in Aquilegia,our results suggest that cell number changes and related genes are mainly responsible for spur length variations of A.rockii.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of similar floral traits in morphology may be quite different,enriching our understanding of the mechanisms of flower diversity in angiosperms.
基金Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia(BOS2003-03979-C02-02 and CGL2006-02848)Formación de Personal Investigador grant(BES-2004-3387 to J.M.B.).
文摘Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies divergence and niche width evolution.We assess the contri-bution of these processes to shape current elevational limits and determine elevational phenotypic divergence between two subspe-cies of Aquilegia vulgaris(subsp.vulgaris and nevadensis).Methods We conducted sowing and transplant experiments considering four elevations throughout the current elevational range of A.vulgaris in southern Iberian Peninsula.Experiments were designed to explore,on the one hand,local adaptation through three components of performance(germination,survival and growth)and,on the other hand,the phenotypic differentiation and/or plasticity associated to local adaptation.Four populations per subspecies(three from the elevational core and one from the elevational boundary)were used as seed sources.Patterns of local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation are examined in the context of the‘centre-periphery’hypothesis.Important Findings Central populations of both subspecies performed better at their local elevations while marginal populations were maladapted,confirming the hypothesis and contributing to explain the current elevational segregation of these subspecies.Density of glandular pubescence and germination timing seem to be related to local adaptation,through phenotypic differentiation between subspe-cies or elevations.The widespread subsp.vulgaris showed signals of adaptive plasticity in the timing of germination while it was not the case in the endemic subsp.nevadensis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700180 and 31330007)the fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Shaanxi Normal University(GK202002011)。
文摘Spurs have played an important role in the radiation of the genus Aquilegia,but little is known about how the spurless state arose in A.ecalcarata.Here we aim to characterize the genetic divergence within A.ecalcarata and gain insights into the origin of this species.A total of 19 populations from A.ecalcarata and 23 populations from three of its closest relatives(Aquilegia kansuensis,Aquilegia rockii and Aquilegia yabeana)were sampled in this study.We sequenced fifteen nuclear gene fragments across the genome and three chloroplast loci to conduct phylogenetic,PCoA and STRUCTURE analyses.Our analyses indicate that A.ecalcarata may not be monophyletic and can be divided into two distinct lineages(A.ecalcarataⅠand A.ecalcarataⅡ).A.ecalcarataⅠis genetically close to A.kansuensis,whereas A.ecalcarataⅡis close to A.rockii.Isolation-with-migration analysis suggested that historical gene flow was low between A.ecalcarataⅠand A.rockii,as well as between A.ecalcarataⅡand A.kansuensis.The two distinct lineages of A.ecalcarata show significant divergence in 13 floral traits and also have distinct distributions.In addition,both A.ecalcarataⅠandⅡare adapted to a stony environment that differs from that of their closest relatives,indicating a habitat shift may have driven new adaptations.Our findings enrich the understanding of how floral evolution contributes to species diversification.
基金Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia(BOS2003-03979-C02-02,CGL2006-02848)Formación de Personal Investigador grant(BES-2004-3387 to J.M.B.).
文摘Aims Experimental studies of the response to environmental variation of closely related taxa are needed to understand the mechanisms underly-ing phenotypic divergence,habitat segregation and range span within a radiating genus.We explored the magnitude of phenotypic differenti-ation and adaptive plasticity in relation to edaphic variation and its sig-nificance for habitat segregation and range span in Iberian columbines.Methods We performed a common garden experiment varying soil type(cal-careous vs.siliceous)and depth(rocky-shallow vs.deep)with two pairs of widespread and narrowly distributed subspecies of Iberian columbines:Aquilegia vulgaris(subspp.vulgaris and nevadensis)and Aquilegia pyrenaica(subspp.pyrenaica and cazorlensis).We com-pared tolerance to edaphic variation,trait differentiation and adaptive plasticity of 10 morpho-functional traits between species and distri-bution ranges.additionally,we obtained estimates of the competitive environment faced by each taxon in two to four populations per taxa.Important Findingsresults partially support hypotheses of higher competitive ability and tolerance to edaphic variation in widespread than in narrow endemic taxa.at the species level,the widely distributed taxon was the most tolerant to edaphic variation.Within species,no consistent pattern emerged since the population from the most widespread subspecies was the most tolerant in A.vulgaris but not in A.pyr-enaica.Columbines were differentiated in many traits at species and range level.However,the pattern of differentiation does not fully support the hypothesis of higher specialization and stress toler-ance in narrow endemics.although plasticity was generally low,the results support the hypothesis of adaptive plasticity in widespread but not in restricted taxa at least at species level.Ecological differences(adaptive plasticity and competitive ability among others)may have contributed to phenotypic divergence and edaphic niche segregation,as well as to differences in range span among columbines.
