Although the publication of peer-reviewed scientific papers is the major way in which scientists communicate with one another,these papers often lack essential information about the conditions under which the animals ...Although the publication of peer-reviewed scientific papers is the major way in which scientists communicate with one another,these papers often lack essential information about the conditions under which the animals lived and how they were treated during the experiments.Without this information it may be impossible to evaluate the studies,replicate them in another laboratory,or use them to advance the 3Rs in other animal experiments.This paper gives some advice on how the reporting of animal research can be improved.展开更多
Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escheric...Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria,but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention.In this study,we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG.Results Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria.LPS and E.coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S.aureus,leading to a higher produc-tion of IL-6 and IL-8,as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes.We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants.Conclusions In compliance with the 3Rs principle(replacement,reduction and refinement)in animal experimenta-tion,ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infec-tion.This model,which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices,lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.展开更多
Background: Lack of available reference values in a research setting under local conditions can be a drawback for beginners, as the accuracy of data from control samples cannot be checked at the beginning of a researc...Background: Lack of available reference values in a research setting under local conditions can be a drawback for beginners, as the accuracy of data from control samples cannot be checked at the beginning of a research project. This affects comparisons with data from test samples. To avoid these complications in their research projects,beginners tend to have a greater number of animals in the control group compared to test groups in order to have control group measurements within 2 SDs of the mean.Methods: As non-availability of reference values was a long-felt need, the described project was conducted in order to establish a reference database for selected haematological, biochemical and physiological parameters using apparently healthy Sprague-Dawley rats bred in the Animal House of Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo(UCFM).Results: Differences in mean values of packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume(MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), serum creatinine and blood glucose levels between the two genders were statistically significant. Lipid profile measurements did not differ significantly between genders, but mean and median values of triglycerides(TG) between male and female rats showed a difference of more than 10 mg/dL. The liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase(AP)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were also statistically significantly different between sexes. Despite wide variation in mean alanine aminotransferase(ALT)between sexes, the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion: The findings of this project should support to a certain extent the"Reduction" aspect of the 3 Rs concept of Russell and Burch by reducing the number of Sprague-Dawley rats used in future research projects at UCFM.展开更多
动物试验一直是包括疫苗在内的生物制品检验放行的重要组成部分。近年来,通过检验采用动物法作为每批产品放行的安全性指标,人们对动物试验的检测意义、要求、方式、操作等各方面均提出了质疑。动物替代(Replacement)、减少(Reduction)...动物试验一直是包括疫苗在内的生物制品检验放行的重要组成部分。近年来,通过检验采用动物法作为每批产品放行的安全性指标,人们对动物试验的检测意义、要求、方式、操作等各方面均提出了质疑。动物替代(Replacement)、减少(Reduction)和优化(Refinement)(简称3Rs)原则自从提出后,越来越受到重视。本文结合我国生物制品监管现状,对3Rs原则在多个国家监管体系中的应用现状,以及世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)全球相关专家对WHO生物制品指导原则中使用动物开展试验的梳理情况作一综述,旨在推进生物制品质量控制和批放行检测中3Rs原则的实施,以期为我国监管机构、制药行业修订相关内容提供参考。展开更多
文摘Although the publication of peer-reviewed scientific papers is the major way in which scientists communicate with one another,these papers often lack essential information about the conditions under which the animals lived and how they were treated during the experiments.Without this information it may be impossible to evaluate the studies,replicate them in another laboratory,or use them to advance the 3Rs in other animal experiments.This paper gives some advice on how the reporting of animal research can be improved.
基金FEDER/Region Centre Val de Loire ANIMALT grant (FEDER convention number EX007516, Region Centre convention number 2019–00134936, research program number AE-2019–1850)a post-doc fellowship from INRAE–Département Santé Animale
文摘Background Mammary gland(MG)infections(mastitis)are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality,animal welfare and farming profitability.These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria,but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention.In this study,we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG.Results Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria.LPS and E.coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S.aureus,leading to a higher produc-tion of IL-6 and IL-8,as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes.We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants.Conclusions In compliance with the 3Rs principle(replacement,reduction and refinement)in animal experimenta-tion,ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infec-tion.This model,which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices,lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.
文摘Background: Lack of available reference values in a research setting under local conditions can be a drawback for beginners, as the accuracy of data from control samples cannot be checked at the beginning of a research project. This affects comparisons with data from test samples. To avoid these complications in their research projects,beginners tend to have a greater number of animals in the control group compared to test groups in order to have control group measurements within 2 SDs of the mean.Methods: As non-availability of reference values was a long-felt need, the described project was conducted in order to establish a reference database for selected haematological, biochemical and physiological parameters using apparently healthy Sprague-Dawley rats bred in the Animal House of Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo(UCFM).Results: Differences in mean values of packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume(MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), serum creatinine and blood glucose levels between the two genders were statistically significant. Lipid profile measurements did not differ significantly between genders, but mean and median values of triglycerides(TG) between male and female rats showed a difference of more than 10 mg/dL. The liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase(AP)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were also statistically significantly different between sexes. Despite wide variation in mean alanine aminotransferase(ALT)between sexes, the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion: The findings of this project should support to a certain extent the"Reduction" aspect of the 3 Rs concept of Russell and Burch by reducing the number of Sprague-Dawley rats used in future research projects at UCFM.
文摘动物试验一直是包括疫苗在内的生物制品检验放行的重要组成部分。近年来,通过检验采用动物法作为每批产品放行的安全性指标,人们对动物试验的检测意义、要求、方式、操作等各方面均提出了质疑。动物替代(Replacement)、减少(Reduction)和优化(Refinement)(简称3Rs)原则自从提出后,越来越受到重视。本文结合我国生物制品监管现状,对3Rs原则在多个国家监管体系中的应用现状,以及世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)全球相关专家对WHO生物制品指导原则中使用动物开展试验的梳理情况作一综述,旨在推进生物制品质量控制和批放行检测中3Rs原则的实施,以期为我国监管机构、制药行业修订相关内容提供参考。
