Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide： H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-Hke H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in...Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide： H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-Hke H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3＇ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation （S31N）, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.展开更多
Fast and uniform growth of high-quality graphene on conventional glass is of great importance for practical applications of graphene glass. We report herein a confined-flow chemical vapor deposition （CVD） approach f...Fast and uniform growth of high-quality graphene on conventional glass is of great importance for practical applications of graphene glass. We report herein a confined-flow chemical vapor deposition （CVD） approach for the high- efficiency fabrication of graphene glass. The key feature of our approach is the fabrication of a 2-4 μm wide gap above the glass substrate, with plenty of stumbling blocks; this gap was found to significantly increase the collision probability of the carbon precursors and reactive fragments between one another and with the glass surface. As a result, the growth rate of graphene glass increased remarkably, together with an improvement in the growth quality and uniformity as compared to those in the conventional gas flow CVD technique. These high-quality graphene glasses exhibited an excellent defogging performance with much higher defogging speed and higher stability compared to those previously reported. The graphene sapphire glass was found to be an ideal substrate for growing uniform and ultra-smooth aluminum nitride thin films without the tedious pre-deposition of a buffer layer. The presented confined- flow CVD approach offers a simple and low-cost route for the mass production of graphene glass, which is believed to promote the practical applications of various graphene glasses.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK2009434)the Innovation Platform for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response(NO.ZX201109)the Key Medical Talent Foundation of Jiangsu Province(RC2011084)
文摘Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide： H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-Hke H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3＇ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation （S31N）, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （Nos. 2016YFA0200103, 2013CB932603, 2012CB933404, and 2013CB934600）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 51520105003 and 51432002）, the Ministry of Education （No. 20120001130010）, and the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Planning Project （No. Z151100003315013）.
文摘Fast and uniform growth of high-quality graphene on conventional glass is of great importance for practical applications of graphene glass. We report herein a confined-flow chemical vapor deposition （CVD） approach for the high- efficiency fabrication of graphene glass. The key feature of our approach is the fabrication of a 2-4 μm wide gap above the glass substrate, with plenty of stumbling blocks; this gap was found to significantly increase the collision probability of the carbon precursors and reactive fragments between one another and with the glass surface. As a result, the growth rate of graphene glass increased remarkably, together with an improvement in the growth quality and uniformity as compared to those in the conventional gas flow CVD technique. These high-quality graphene glasses exhibited an excellent defogging performance with much higher defogging speed and higher stability compared to those previously reported. The graphene sapphire glass was found to be an ideal substrate for growing uniform and ultra-smooth aluminum nitride thin films without the tedious pre-deposition of a buffer layer. The presented confined- flow CVD approach offers a simple and low-cost route for the mass production of graphene glass, which is believed to promote the practical applications of various graphene glasses.
