Natural killer （NK） cells play critical roles in host immunity against cancer. In response, cancers develop mechanisms to escape NK cell attack or induce defective NK cells. Current NK cell-based cancer immunotherap...Natural killer （NK） cells play critical roles in host immunity against cancer. In response, cancers develop mechanisms to escape NK cell attack or induce defective NK cells. Current NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy aims to overcome NK cell paralysis using several approaches. One approach uses expanded allogeneic NK cells, which are not inhibited by self histocompatibility antigens like autologous NK cells, for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Another adoptive transfer approach uses stable allogeneic NK cell lines, which is more practical for quality control and large-scale production. A third approach is genetic modification of fresh NK cells or NK cell lines to highly express cytokines, Fc receptors and/or chimeric tumor-antigen receptors. Therapeutic NK cells can be derived from various sources, including peripheral or cord blood cells, stem cells or even induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs）, and a variety of stimulators can be used for large-scale production in laboratories or good manufacturing practice （GMP） facilities, including soluble growth factors, immobilized molecules or antibodies, and other cellular activators. A list of NK cell therapies to treat several types of cancer in clinical trials is reviewed here. Several different approaches to NK-based immunotherapy, such as tissue-specific NK cells, killer receptor-oriented NK cells and chemically treated NK cells, are discussed. A few new techniques or strategies to monitor NK cell therapy by non-invasive imaging, predetermine the efficiency of NK cell therapy by in vivo experiments and evaluate NK cell therapy approaches in clinical trials are also introduced.展开更多
With the expansion of urban, industry, and agriculture after World War II, eutrophication firstly emerged as a major water quality threat in small water bodies [1]. As the increasing magnitudes and scales of nutrient ...With the expansion of urban, industry, and agriculture after World War II, eutrophication firstly emerged as a major water quality threat in small water bodies [1]. As the increasing magnitudes and scales of nutrient pollution and habitat alteration, many of the world's large lakes exhibit symptoms of eutrophication, e.g., toxic cyanobacterial blooms, deoxygenation, and habitat loss.展开更多
根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并...根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并认为“扩展”型与“投射”型中的相互依赖关系是不相同的。接着文章讨论了“扩展”型复合体中次要成分所表示的几种意义。然后作者就“扩展”与“投射”的差异进行了探讨。最后通过实例分析比较了传统语法和功能语法在句法结构分析方面的差异,从而表明了功能句法分析的特点。展开更多
Four intensive uplift periods, i.e., 60–35, 25–17 and 12–8 Ma (but 18–13 Ma in the Himalayas of the southern Tibet), and since about 5 Ma, can be determined on the Tibetan Plateau by synthetical analysis of low-te...Four intensive uplift periods, i.e., 60–35, 25–17 and 12–8 Ma (but 18–13 Ma in the Himalayas of the southern Tibet), and since about 5 Ma, can be determined on the Tibetan Plateau by synthetical analysis of low-temperature thermo-chronology data, sedimentary deposit records, and structural deformation records of different areas. The strong tectonic uplift periods in different areas on the Tibetan Plateau are penecontemporaneous, except for the Himalayan area of the southern Tibet, where a rapid uplift and exhumation period, controlled by the activity of the South Tibetan Detachment System faults, occurred during 18–13 Ma. These strong uplift and exhumation periods correspond well to intensive deformation activity periods, suggesting tectonically-controlled uplift and exhumation. The deposit records, such as the distribution of coarse clastic sediments, the distribution of tectonically-controlled basins, stratigraphic discontinuousness or unconformity, and fault-controlled geomorphologic evolution, also match well with the strong uplift and exhumation periods. Expanding processes of the plateau are also discussed.展开更多
文摘Natural killer （NK） cells play critical roles in host immunity against cancer. In response, cancers develop mechanisms to escape NK cell attack or induce defective NK cells. Current NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy aims to overcome NK cell paralysis using several approaches. One approach uses expanded allogeneic NK cells, which are not inhibited by self histocompatibility antigens like autologous NK cells, for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Another adoptive transfer approach uses stable allogeneic NK cell lines, which is more practical for quality control and large-scale production. A third approach is genetic modification of fresh NK cells or NK cell lines to highly express cytokines, Fc receptors and/or chimeric tumor-antigen receptors. Therapeutic NK cells can be derived from various sources, including peripheral or cord blood cells, stem cells or even induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs）, and a variety of stimulators can be used for large-scale production in laboratories or good manufacturing practice （GMP） facilities, including soluble growth factors, immobilized molecules or antibodies, and other cellular activators. A list of NK cell therapies to treat several types of cancer in clinical trials is reviewed here. Several different approaches to NK-based immunotherapy, such as tissue-specific NK cells, killer receptor-oriented NK cells and chemically treated NK cells, are discussed. A few new techniques or strategies to monitor NK cell therapy by non-invasive imaging, predetermine the efficiency of NK cell therapy by in vivo experiments and evaluate NK cell therapy approaches in clinical trials are also introduced.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(41621002,41661134036)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-DQC008)+3 种基金the USA National Science Foundation(1240851)MARS Project Funded Under the 7th EU Framework Program(603378)the AU Water Technology Centre(WATEC)the University of Adelaide Environment Institute
文摘With the expansion of urban, industry, and agriculture after World War II, eutrophication firstly emerged as a major water quality threat in small water bodies [1]. As the increasing magnitudes and scales of nutrient pollution and habitat alteration, many of the world's large lakes exhibit symptoms of eutrophication, e.g., toxic cyanobacterial blooms, deoxygenation, and habitat loss.
文摘根据传统语法和形式语法分析,英语中的try to do这类结构通常被认为是“动+宾”结构。本文以韩礼德的功能语法理论为基础,把这类结构看作是“从属型动词词组复合体”。文章首先从相互依赖情况角度讨论这类结构中两个成分之间的关系,并认为“扩展”型与“投射”型中的相互依赖关系是不相同的。接着文章讨论了“扩展”型复合体中次要成分所表示的几种意义。然后作者就“扩展”与“投射”的差异进行了探讨。最后通过实例分析比较了传统语法和功能语法在句法结构分析方面的差异,从而表明了功能句法分析的特点。
基金supported by China Geological Survey (Grant No. 1212010610103)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40902060, 40672137)
文摘Four intensive uplift periods, i.e., 60–35, 25–17 and 12–8 Ma (but 18–13 Ma in the Himalayas of the southern Tibet), and since about 5 Ma, can be determined on the Tibetan Plateau by synthetical analysis of low-temperature thermo-chronology data, sedimentary deposit records, and structural deformation records of different areas. The strong tectonic uplift periods in different areas on the Tibetan Plateau are penecontemporaneous, except for the Himalayan area of the southern Tibet, where a rapid uplift and exhumation period, controlled by the activity of the South Tibetan Detachment System faults, occurred during 18–13 Ma. These strong uplift and exhumation periods correspond well to intensive deformation activity periods, suggesting tectonically-controlled uplift and exhumation. The deposit records, such as the distribution of coarse clastic sediments, the distribution of tectonically-controlled basins, stratigraphic discontinuousness or unconformity, and fault-controlled geomorphologic evolution, also match well with the strong uplift and exhumation periods. Expanding processes of the plateau are also discussed.
