Based on the test data of frictional materials and previous research achievements in this field, a generalized non-linear strength theory (GNST) is proposed. It describes non-linear strength properties on the π-plane...Based on the test data of frictional materials and previous research achievements in this field, a generalized non-linear strength theory (GNST) is proposed. It describes non-linear strength properties on the π-plane and the meridian plane using a unified formula, and it includes almost all the present non-linear strength theories, which can be used in just one material. The shape of failure function of the GNST is a smooth curve between the SMP criterion and the Mises criterion on the π-plane, and an exponential curve on the meridian plane. Through the transformed stress space based on the GNST, the combination of the GNST and various constitutive models using p and q as stress parameters can be realized simply and rationally in three-dimensional stress state. Keywords generalized non-linear strength theory (GNST) - transformed stress - constitutive model - application展开更多
AIM: To determine whether normal genetically immunocompetent rodent hosts could be manipulated to accept human hepatocyte transplants with long term survival without immunosuppression. METHODS: Tolerance towards human...AIM: To determine whether normal genetically immunocompetent rodent hosts could be manipulated to accept human hepatocyte transplants with long term survival without immunosuppression. METHODS: Tolerance towards human hepatocytes was established by injection of primary human hepatocytes or Huh7 human hepatoma cells into the peritoneal cavities of fetal rats. Corresponding cells were subsequently transplanted into newborn rats via intrasplenic injection within 24h after birth. RESULTS: Mixed lymphocyte assays showed that spleen cells from non-tolerized rats were stimulated to proliferate when exposed to human hepatocytes, while cells from tolerized rats were not. Injections made between 15 d and 17 d of gestation produced optimal tolerization. Transplanted human hepatocytes in rat livers were visualized by immunohistochemical staining of human albumin. By dot blotting of genomic DNA in livers of tolerized rats 16 weeks after hepatocyte transplantation, it was found that approximately 2.5 X 10(5) human hepatocytes survived per rat liver. Human albumin mRNA was detected in rat livers by RT-PCR for 15 wk, and human albumin protein was also detectable in rat serum. CONCLUSION: Tolerization of an immuno-competent rat can permit transplantation, and survival of functional human hepatocytes.展开更多
Both sorbitol and sucrose are synthesized in source leaves and transported to fruit for supporting fruit growth in tree fruit species of the Rosaceae family.In apple(Malus domestica),antisense suppression of aldose-6-...Both sorbitol and sucrose are synthesized in source leaves and transported to fruit for supporting fruit growth in tree fruit species of the Rosaceae family.In apple(Malus domestica),antisense suppression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase,the key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis,significantly decreased the sorbitol concentration but increased the sucrose concentration in leaves,leading to a lower sorbitol but a higher sucrose supply to fruit in these plants.In response to this altered carbon supply,the transgenic fruit had lower concentration of sorbitol and much higher concentration of glucose but similar levels of fructose,sucrose,and starch throughout fruit development relative to the untransformed control.Activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase,fructokinase,and sucrose phosphate synthase were lower,whereas activities of neutral invertase,sucrose synthase,and hexokinase were higher in the transgenic fruit during fruit development.Transcript levels of MdSOT1,MdSDHs,MdFK2,and MdSPS3/6 were downregulated,whereas transcript levels of MdSUC1/4,MdSUSY1-3,MdNIV1/3,MdHKs,and MdTMT1 were upregulated in the transgenic fruit.These findings suggest that the Sucrose cycle and the sugar transport system are very effective in maintaining the level of fructose and provide insights into the roles of sorbitol and sucrose in regulating sugar metabolism and accumulation in sorbitol-synthesizing species.展开更多
A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlat...A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
AIM: Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. Primary PSCs can be subcultured only several times because of their limited growth pote...AIM: Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. Primary PSCs can be subcultured only several times because of their limited growth potential. A continuous cell line may therefore be valuable in studying molecular mechanisms of these pancreatic disorders. The aim of this study was to establish a cell line of rat PSCs by spontaneous immortalization.METHODS: PSCs were isolated from the pancreas of male Wistar rats, and conventional subcultivation was performed repeatedly. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomere repeat amplification protocol. Activation of transcription factors was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases was examined by Western blotting using anti-phosphospecific antibodies. Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 was determined by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS: Conventional subcultivation yielded actively growing cells. One clone was obtained after limiting dilution,and designated as SIPS. This cell line has been passaged repeatedly more than 2 years, and is thus likely immortalized.SIPS cells retained morphological characteristics of primary,culture-activated PSCs. SIPS expressed α-smooth muscle actin, glial acidic fibrillary protein, vimentin, desmin, type Ⅰ collagen, fibronectin, and prolyl hydroxylases. Telomerase activity and p53 expression were negative. Proliferation of SIPS cells was serum-dependent, and stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Interleukin-1β activated nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1, and MAP kinases.Interleukin-1β induced cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 expression through the activation of nuclear factor-κB and MAP kinases.CONCLUSION: SIPS cells can be useful for in vitro studies of cell biology and signal transduction of PSCs.展开更多
In this paper, a model of topology optimization with linear buckling constraints is established based on an independent and continuous mapping method to minimize the plate/shell structure weight. A composite exponenti...In this paper, a model of topology optimization with linear buckling constraints is established based on an independent and continuous mapping method to minimize the plate/shell structure weight. A composite exponential function（CEF） is selected as filtering functions for element weight, the element stiffness matrix and the element geometric stiffness matrix, which recognize the design variables, and to implement the changing process of design variables from“discrete” to “continuous” and back to “discrete”. The buckling constraints are approximated as explicit formulations based on the Taylor expansion and the filtering function. The optimization model is transformed to dual programming and solved by the dual sequence quadratic programming algorithm. Finally, three numerical examples with power function and CEF as filter function are analyzed and discussed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.展开更多
To express human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I) in transformed Bombyx mori cultured cells and silk glands, the transgenic vector pigA3GFP-hIGF-ie-neo was constructed with a neomycin resistance gene driven by th...To express human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I) in transformed Bombyx mori cultured cells and silk glands, the transgenic vector pigA3GFP-hIGF-ie-neo was constructed with a neomycin resistance gene driven by the baculovirus ie-1 promoter, and with the hIGF-I gene under the control of the silkworm sericin promoter Ser-1. The stably transformed BmN cells expressing hIGF-I were selected by using the antibiotic G418 at a final concentration of 700-800 μg/mL after the BmN cells were transfected with the piggyBac vector and the helper plasmid. The specific band of hIGF-I was detected in the transformed cells by Western blot. The expression level of hIGF-I, determined by ELISA, was about 7800 pg in 5×105 cells. Analysis of the chromosomal insertion sites by inverse PCR showed that exogenous DNA could be inserted into the cell genome randomly or at TTAA target sequence specifically for piggyBac element transposition. The transgenic vector pigA3GFP-hIGF-ie-neo was transferred into the eggs using sperm-mediated gene transfer. Finally, two transgenic silkworms were obtained after screening for the neo and gfp genes and verified by PCR and dot hybridization. The expression level of hIGF-I determined by ELISA was about 2440 pg/g of silk gland of the transgenic silkworms of the G1 generation.展开更多
To investigate the functions of fructokinase(FRK)in apple(Malus domestica)carbohydrate metabolism,we cloned the coding sequences of MdFRK1 and MdFRK2 from the‘Royal Gala’apple.The results showed that MdFRK2 expressi...To investigate the functions of fructokinase(FRK)in apple(Malus domestica)carbohydrate metabolism,we cloned the coding sequences of MdFRK1 and MdFRK2 from the‘Royal Gala’apple.The results showed that MdFRK2 expression was extremely high in shoot tips and young fruit.Analyses of heterologously expressed proteins revealed that MdFRK2 had a higher affinity for fructose than did MdFRK1,with Km values of 0.1 and 0.62 mM for MdFRK2 and MdFRK1,respectively.The two proteins,however,exhibited similar Vmax values when their activities were significantly inhibited by high concentrations of fructose.MdFRK2 ectopic expression was associated with a general decrease in fructose concentration in transgenic lines.In leaves,increased FRK activity similarly resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose and sucrose but no alterations in sorbitol concentration.When compared with those in the untransformed control,genes involved in sorbitol synthesis(A6PR)and the degradation pathway(SDH1/2)were significantly upregulated in transgenic lines,whereas those involved in sucrose synthesis(SPS1)and other degradation processes(SUSY4,NINV1/2,and HxK2)were downregulated.The activity of enzymes participating in carbohydrate metabolism was proportional to the level of gene expression.However,the growth performance and photosynthetic efficiency did not differ between the transgenic and wild-type plants.These results provide new genetic evidence to support the view that FRK plays roles in regulating sugar and sorbitol metabolism in Rosaceae plants.展开更多
Reliability allocation of computerized numerical controlled（CNC）lathes is very important in industry.Traditional allocation methods only focus on high-failure rate components rather than moderate failure rate compon...Reliability allocation of computerized numerical controlled（CNC）lathes is very important in industry.Traditional allocation methods only focus on high-failure rate components rather than moderate failure rate components,which is not applicable in some conditions.Aiming at solving the problem of CNC lathes reliability allocating,a comprehensive reliability allocation method based on cubic transformed functions of failure modes and effects analysis（FMEA）is presented.Firstly,conventional reliability allocation methods are introduced.Then the limitations of direct combination of comprehensive allocation method with the exponential transformed FMEA method are investigated.Subsequently,a cubic transformed function is established in order to overcome these limitations.Properties of the new transformed functions are discussed by considering the failure severity and the failure occurrence.Designers can choose appropriate transform amplitudes according to their requirements.Finally,a CNC lathe and a spindle system are used as an example to verify the new allocation method.Seven criteria are considered to compare the results of the new method with traditional methods.The allocation results indicate that the new method is more flexible than traditional methods.By employing the new cubic transformed function,the method covers a wider range of problems in CNC reliability allocation without losing the advantages of traditional methods.展开更多
Of the more than 370000 species of higher plants in nature,fewer than 0.1%can be geneticallymodified due to limitations of the current gene delivery systems.Even for those that can be genetically modified,the modifica...Of the more than 370000 species of higher plants in nature,fewer than 0.1%can be geneticallymodified due to limitations of the current gene delivery systems.Even for those that can be genetically modified,the modification involves a tedious and costly tissue culture process.Here,we describe an extremely simple cut-dip-budding(CDB)delivery system,which uses Agrobacterium rhizogene to inoculate explants,generating transformed roots that produce transformed buds due to root suckering.We have successfully used CDB to achieve the heritable transformation of plant species inmultiple plant families,including two herbaceous plants(Taraxacum kok-saghyz and Coronilla varia),a tuberous root plant(sweet potato),and three woody plant species(Ailanthus altissima,Aralia elata,and Clerodendrum chinense).These plants have previously been difficult or impossible to transform,but the CDB method enabled efficient transformation or gene editing in them using a very simple explant dipping protocol,under non-sterile conditions and without the need for tissue culture.Our work suggests that large numbers of plants could be amenable to genetic modifications using the CDB method.展开更多
The architecture of the Ouargla Ksar has long been recognized as an example of adaptation to harsh climate in the deep desert of AlgeHao Over the last few decades, it has undergone some changes in its initial urban st...The architecture of the Ouargla Ksar has long been recognized as an example of adaptation to harsh climate in the deep desert of AlgeHao Over the last few decades, it has undergone some changes in its initial urban structure, due to accelerated and uncontrolled modern urbanization, that had negative implications and devaluation of its thermal characteristics. This article tries to understand the bioclimatic concept of adaptation of this Ksar and assess to what extent its morphological transformation has impacted its microclimatic conditions. This assessment is made through a comparative study between two different areas： one untransformed and the other transformed. A referential weather station situated in the suburbs was also exploited for consolidation of comparison. The investigation was undertaken using site measurements and observations.展开更多
The radial parts of the gravitational,electromagnetic,neutrino,and massless scalar fields in Barriola-Vilenkin spacetime are transformed to the form of the Teukolsky-type master equation.The first quantum corrections ...The radial parts of the gravitational,electromagnetic,neutrino,and massless scalar fields in Barriola-Vilenkin spacetime are transformed to the form of the Teukolsky-type master equation.The first quantum corrections to the entropy of the black hole due to the spin fields are calculated by using the brick wall model.It is shown that the contribution of any one of the spin fields is quadratically divergent at the event horizon and is proportional to the surface area of the event horizon.展开更多
The probability distributions of wave characteristics from three groups of sampled ocean data with different significant wave heights have been analyzed using two transformation functions estimated by non-parametric a...The probability distributions of wave characteristics from three groups of sampled ocean data with different significant wave heights have been analyzed using two transformation functions estimated by non-parametric and parametric methods. The marginal wave characteristic distribution and the joint density of wave properties have been calculated using the two transformations, with the results and accuracy of both transformations presented here. The two transformations deviate slightly between each other for the calculation of the crest and trough height marginal wave distributions, as well as the joint densities of wave amplitude with other wave properties. The transformation methods for the calculation of the wave crest and trough height distributions are shown to provide good agreement with real ocean data. Our work will help in the determination of the most appropriate transformation procedure for the prediction of extreme values.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant No. 10272010) the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2002CCC00200).
文摘Based on the test data of frictional materials and previous research achievements in this field, a generalized non-linear strength theory (GNST) is proposed. It describes non-linear strength properties on the π-plane and the meridian plane using a unified formula, and it includes almost all the present non-linear strength theories, which can be used in just one material. The shape of failure function of the GNST is a smooth curve between the SMP criterion and the Mises criterion on the π-plane, and an exponential curve on the meridian plane. Through the transformed stress space based on the GNST, the combination of the GNST and various constitutive models using p and q as stress parameters can be realized simply and rationally in three-dimensional stress state. Keywords generalized non-linear strength theory (GNST) - transformed stress - constitutive model - application
文摘AIM: To determine whether normal genetically immunocompetent rodent hosts could be manipulated to accept human hepatocyte transplants with long term survival without immunosuppression. METHODS: Tolerance towards human hepatocytes was established by injection of primary human hepatocytes or Huh7 human hepatoma cells into the peritoneal cavities of fetal rats. Corresponding cells were subsequently transplanted into newborn rats via intrasplenic injection within 24h after birth. RESULTS: Mixed lymphocyte assays showed that spleen cells from non-tolerized rats were stimulated to proliferate when exposed to human hepatocytes, while cells from tolerized rats were not. Injections made between 15 d and 17 d of gestation produced optimal tolerization. Transplanted human hepatocytes in rat livers were visualized by immunohistochemical staining of human albumin. By dot blotting of genomic DNA in livers of tolerized rats 16 weeks after hepatocyte transplantation, it was found that approximately 2.5 X 10(5) human hepatocytes survived per rat liver. Human albumin mRNA was detected in rat livers by RT-PCR for 15 wk, and human albumin protein was also detectable in rat serum. CONCLUSION: Tolerization of an immuno-competent rat can permit transplantation, and survival of functional human hepatocytes.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372038 to M.L.)Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station.
文摘Both sorbitol and sucrose are synthesized in source leaves and transported to fruit for supporting fruit growth in tree fruit species of the Rosaceae family.In apple(Malus domestica),antisense suppression of aldose-6-phosphate reductase,the key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis,significantly decreased the sorbitol concentration but increased the sucrose concentration in leaves,leading to a lower sorbitol but a higher sucrose supply to fruit in these plants.In response to this altered carbon supply,the transgenic fruit had lower concentration of sorbitol and much higher concentration of glucose but similar levels of fructose,sucrose,and starch throughout fruit development relative to the untransformed control.Activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase,fructokinase,and sucrose phosphate synthase were lower,whereas activities of neutral invertase,sucrose synthase,and hexokinase were higher in the transgenic fruit during fruit development.Transcript levels of MdSOT1,MdSDHs,MdFK2,and MdSPS3/6 were downregulated,whereas transcript levels of MdSUC1/4,MdSUSY1-3,MdNIV1/3,MdHKs,and MdTMT1 were upregulated in the transgenic fruit.These findings suggest that the Sucrose cycle and the sugar transport system are very effective in maintaining the level of fructose and provide insights into the roles of sorbitol and sucrose in regulating sugar metabolism and accumulation in sorbitol-synthesizing species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(Grant 51222502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11172096)the Funds for State Key Laboratory of Construction Machinery(SKLCM2014-1)
文摘A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(to A.M.)Pancreas Research Foundation of Japan(to A.M.)
文摘AIM: Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation. Primary PSCs can be subcultured only several times because of their limited growth potential. A continuous cell line may therefore be valuable in studying molecular mechanisms of these pancreatic disorders. The aim of this study was to establish a cell line of rat PSCs by spontaneous immortalization.METHODS: PSCs were isolated from the pancreas of male Wistar rats, and conventional subcultivation was performed repeatedly. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomere repeat amplification protocol. Activation of transcription factors was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases was examined by Western blotting using anti-phosphospecific antibodies. Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 was determined by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS: Conventional subcultivation yielded actively growing cells. One clone was obtained after limiting dilution,and designated as SIPS. This cell line has been passaged repeatedly more than 2 years, and is thus likely immortalized.SIPS cells retained morphological characteristics of primary,culture-activated PSCs. SIPS expressed α-smooth muscle actin, glial acidic fibrillary protein, vimentin, desmin, type Ⅰ collagen, fibronectin, and prolyl hydroxylases. Telomerase activity and p53 expression were negative. Proliferation of SIPS cells was serum-dependent, and stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Interleukin-1β activated nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1, and MAP kinases.Interleukin-1β induced cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 expression through the activation of nuclear factor-κB and MAP kinases.CONCLUSION: SIPS cells can be useful for in vitro studies of cell biology and signal transduction of PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 11072009,111720131)
文摘In this paper, a model of topology optimization with linear buckling constraints is established based on an independent and continuous mapping method to minimize the plate/shell structure weight. A composite exponential function（CEF） is selected as filtering functions for element weight, the element stiffness matrix and the element geometric stiffness matrix, which recognize the design variables, and to implement the changing process of design variables from“discrete” to “continuous” and back to “discrete”. The buckling constraints are approximated as explicit formulations based on the Taylor expansion and the filtering function. The optimization model is transformed to dual programming and solved by the dual sequence quadratic programming algorithm. Finally, three numerical examples with power function and CEF as filter function are analyzed and discussed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB121000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30671590)
文摘To express human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I) in transformed Bombyx mori cultured cells and silk glands, the transgenic vector pigA3GFP-hIGF-ie-neo was constructed with a neomycin resistance gene driven by the baculovirus ie-1 promoter, and with the hIGF-I gene under the control of the silkworm sericin promoter Ser-1. The stably transformed BmN cells expressing hIGF-I were selected by using the antibiotic G418 at a final concentration of 700-800 μg/mL after the BmN cells were transfected with the piggyBac vector and the helper plasmid. The specific band of hIGF-I was detected in the transformed cells by Western blot. The expression level of hIGF-I, determined by ELISA, was about 7800 pg in 5×105 cells. Analysis of the chromosomal insertion sites by inverse PCR showed that exogenous DNA could be inserted into the cell genome randomly or at TTAA target sequence specifically for piggyBac element transposition. The transgenic vector pigA3GFP-hIGF-ie-neo was transferred into the eggs using sperm-mediated gene transfer. Finally, two transgenic silkworms were obtained after screening for the neo and gfp genes and verified by PCR and dot hybridization. The expression level of hIGF-I determined by ELISA was about 2440 pg/g of silk gland of the transgenic silkworms of the G1 generation.
基金This work was supported by the Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372038)by the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28).
文摘To investigate the functions of fructokinase(FRK)in apple(Malus domestica)carbohydrate metabolism,we cloned the coding sequences of MdFRK1 and MdFRK2 from the‘Royal Gala’apple.The results showed that MdFRK2 expression was extremely high in shoot tips and young fruit.Analyses of heterologously expressed proteins revealed that MdFRK2 had a higher affinity for fructose than did MdFRK1,with Km values of 0.1 and 0.62 mM for MdFRK2 and MdFRK1,respectively.The two proteins,however,exhibited similar Vmax values when their activities were significantly inhibited by high concentrations of fructose.MdFRK2 ectopic expression was associated with a general decrease in fructose concentration in transgenic lines.In leaves,increased FRK activity similarly resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose and sucrose but no alterations in sorbitol concentration.When compared with those in the untransformed control,genes involved in sorbitol synthesis(A6PR)and the degradation pathway(SDH1/2)were significantly upregulated in transgenic lines,whereas those involved in sucrose synthesis(SPS1)and other degradation processes(SUSY4,NINV1/2,and HxK2)were downregulated.The activity of enzymes participating in carbohydrate metabolism was proportional to the level of gene expression.However,the growth performance and photosynthetic efficiency did not differ between the transgenic and wild-type plants.These results provide new genetic evidence to support the view that FRK plays roles in regulating sugar and sorbitol metabolism in Rosaceae plants.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51135003,51205050,U1234208)Key National Science & Technology Special Project on"High-Grade CNC Machine Tools and Basic Manufacturing Equipments"(Grant No.2013ZX04011011)+1 种基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20110042120020)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
文摘Reliability allocation of computerized numerical controlled（CNC）lathes is very important in industry.Traditional allocation methods only focus on high-failure rate components rather than moderate failure rate components,which is not applicable in some conditions.Aiming at solving the problem of CNC lathes reliability allocating,a comprehensive reliability allocation method based on cubic transformed functions of failure modes and effects analysis（FMEA）is presented.Firstly,conventional reliability allocation methods are introduced.Then the limitations of direct combination of comprehensive allocation method with the exponential transformed FMEA method are investigated.Subsequently,a cubic transformed function is established in order to overcome these limitations.Properties of the new transformed functions are discussed by considering the failure severity and the failure occurrence.Designers can choose appropriate transform amplitudes according to their requirements.Finally,a CNC lathe and a spindle system are used as an example to verify the new allocation method.Seven criteria are considered to compare the results of the new method with traditional methods.The allocation results indicate that the new method is more flexible than traditional methods.By employing the new cubic transformed function,the method covers a wider range of problems in CNC reliability allocation without losing the advantages of traditional methods.
基金supported by Shandong Shunfeng BiotechnologyCo.Ltd.,Jinan,China.
文摘Of the more than 370000 species of higher plants in nature,fewer than 0.1%can be geneticallymodified due to limitations of the current gene delivery systems.Even for those that can be genetically modified,the modification involves a tedious and costly tissue culture process.Here,we describe an extremely simple cut-dip-budding(CDB)delivery system,which uses Agrobacterium rhizogene to inoculate explants,generating transformed roots that produce transformed buds due to root suckering.We have successfully used CDB to achieve the heritable transformation of plant species inmultiple plant families,including two herbaceous plants(Taraxacum kok-saghyz and Coronilla varia),a tuberous root plant(sweet potato),and three woody plant species(Ailanthus altissima,Aralia elata,and Clerodendrum chinense).These plants have previously been difficult or impossible to transform,but the CDB method enabled efficient transformation or gene editing in them using a very simple explant dipping protocol,under non-sterile conditions and without the need for tissue culture.Our work suggests that large numbers of plants could be amenable to genetic modifications using the CDB method.
文摘The architecture of the Ouargla Ksar has long been recognized as an example of adaptation to harsh climate in the deep desert of AlgeHao Over the last few decades, it has undergone some changes in its initial urban structure, due to accelerated and uncontrolled modern urbanization, that had negative implications and devaluation of its thermal characteristics. This article tries to understand the bioclimatic concept of adaptation of this Ksar and assess to what extent its morphological transformation has impacted its microclimatic conditions. This assessment is made through a comparative study between two different areas： one untransformed and the other transformed. A referential weather station situated in the suburbs was also exploited for consolidation of comparison. The investigation was undertaken using site measurements and observations.
基金Supported by the Key Project Foundation of the Higher Education Bureau of Guangdong Province.
文摘The radial parts of the gravitational,electromagnetic,neutrino,and massless scalar fields in Barriola-Vilenkin spacetime are transformed to the form of the Teukolsky-type master equation.The first quantum corrections to the entropy of the black hole due to the spin fields are calculated by using the brick wall model.It is shown that the contribution of any one of the spin fields is quadratically divergent at the event horizon and is proportional to the surface area of the event horizon.
基金Supported by the Marine Engineering Equipment Scientific Research Project of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of PRCthe National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2016ZX05057020)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51809067)
文摘The probability distributions of wave characteristics from three groups of sampled ocean data with different significant wave heights have been analyzed using two transformation functions estimated by non-parametric and parametric methods. The marginal wave characteristic distribution and the joint density of wave properties have been calculated using the two transformations, with the results and accuracy of both transformations presented here. The two transformations deviate slightly between each other for the calculation of the crest and trough height marginal wave distributions, as well as the joint densities of wave amplitude with other wave properties. The transformation methods for the calculation of the wave crest and trough height distributions are shown to provide good agreement with real ocean data. Our work will help in the determination of the most appropriate transformation procedure for the prediction of extreme values.
