Based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images of 1983, 1993, and 2005, the present research exam...Based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images of 1983, 1993, and 2005, the present research examined the effectiveness of the urban construction boundaries (UCBs) in containing urban growth within the 6th Ring Road of Beijing Municipality. Three indicators on boundary control were proposed, through which the effectiveness of boundary containment, land inventory sufficiency and illegal adjacent development to the UCBs were explored. The results suggested that, first, the UCBs were limited in effectiveness in containing urban growth; second, the area encompassed by the UCBs might not be designed large enough to accommodate new development. The frustration of the urban growth control through the UCBs mainly resulted from the lack of a transparent system for urban land use planning and control to provide sufficient information, the limitation of the traditional land use prediction method to consider contingencies, and the absence of a mechanism to monitor and adjust the UCBs to respond just in time to urban change.展开更多
Immunotherapy based on natural killer(NK)cells is a promising approach for treating a variety of cancers.Unlike T cells,NK cells recognize target cells via a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-independent mechanism...Immunotherapy based on natural killer(NK)cells is a promising approach for treating a variety of cancers.Unlike T cells,NK cells recognize target cells via a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-independent mechanism and,without being sensitized,kill the cells directly.Several strategies for obtaining large quantities of NK cells with high purity and high cytotoxicity have been developed.These strategies include the use of cytokine−antibody fusions,feeder cells or membrane particles to stimulate the proliferation of NK cells and enhance their cytotoxicity.Various materials,including peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),umbilical cord blood(UCB),induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)and NK cell lines,have been used as sources to generate NK cells for immunotherapy.Moreover,genetic modification technologies to improve the proliferation of NK cells have also been developed to enhance the functions of NK cells.Here,we summarize the recent advances in expansion strategies with or without genetic manipulation of NK cells derived from various cellular sources.We also discuss the closed,automated and GMP-controlled large-scale expansion systems used for NK cells and possible future NK cell-based immunotherapy products.展开更多
Prolog(Programming in Logic)程序语言是一种逻辑程序设计语言。它是在逻辑学理论基础上建立起来的并广泛应用在人工智能研究中。这几十年已经出现了各具特色的Prolog编译器,而且各种编译器也都很成功。虽然在现阶段已经出现了各种版本...Prolog(Programming in Logic)程序语言是一种逻辑程序设计语言。它是在逻辑学理论基础上建立起来的并广泛应用在人工智能研究中。这几十年已经出现了各具特色的Prolog编译器,而且各种编译器也都很成功。虽然在现阶段已经出现了各种版本Prolog编译器,但是Prolog编译器的发展空间还是很大。本文先通过现代Prolog编译器的不足,介绍了新Prolog编译器的特点,然后简单叙述了Prolog编译器词法分析和语法分析的过程,最后介绍了UCB策略。展开更多
In this research, we aim to create a computer player that gives fun to the opponent. Research on game AI has spread widely in recent years, and many games are being studied. Some of those studies have made remarkable ...In this research, we aim to create a computer player that gives fun to the opponent. Research on game AI has spread widely in recent years, and many games are being studied. Some of those studies have made remarkable results. Game research is aimed at strengthening computer players. However, it is unknown whether a computer player who is too strong is good. There may also be opponents who think that a computer player is not interesting if it is too strong. Therefore, we thought whether we could create a computer player who entertains the opponent while maintaining a certain degree of strength. To realize this idea, we use the Monte Carlo Tree Search. We tried to create a computer player that gives fun to the opponent by improving the Monte Carlo Tree Search. As a result of some experiments, we succeeded in giving fun, although it was a first step. On the other hand, many problems were found through experiments. In future, it is necessary to solve these problems.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50678088)the National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2006BAJ14B08)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 20080430210)
文摘Based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images of 1983, 1993, and 2005, the present research examined the effectiveness of the urban construction boundaries (UCBs) in containing urban growth within the 6th Ring Road of Beijing Municipality. Three indicators on boundary control were proposed, through which the effectiveness of boundary containment, land inventory sufficiency and illegal adjacent development to the UCBs were explored. The results suggested that, first, the UCBs were limited in effectiveness in containing urban growth; second, the area encompassed by the UCBs might not be designed large enough to accommodate new development. The frustration of the urban growth control through the UCBs mainly resulted from the lack of a transparent system for urban land use planning and control to provide sufficient information, the limitation of the traditional land use prediction method to consider contingencies, and the absence of a mechanism to monitor and adjust the UCBs to respond just in time to urban change.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant no.XDB29030202)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant no.2016YFC1303503).
文摘Immunotherapy based on natural killer(NK)cells is a promising approach for treating a variety of cancers.Unlike T cells,NK cells recognize target cells via a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-independent mechanism and,without being sensitized,kill the cells directly.Several strategies for obtaining large quantities of NK cells with high purity and high cytotoxicity have been developed.These strategies include the use of cytokine−antibody fusions,feeder cells or membrane particles to stimulate the proliferation of NK cells and enhance their cytotoxicity.Various materials,including peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),umbilical cord blood(UCB),induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)and NK cell lines,have been used as sources to generate NK cells for immunotherapy.Moreover,genetic modification technologies to improve the proliferation of NK cells have also been developed to enhance the functions of NK cells.Here,we summarize the recent advances in expansion strategies with or without genetic manipulation of NK cells derived from various cellular sources.We also discuss the closed,automated and GMP-controlled large-scale expansion systems used for NK cells and possible future NK cell-based immunotherapy products.
文摘Prolog(Programming in Logic)程序语言是一种逻辑程序设计语言。它是在逻辑学理论基础上建立起来的并广泛应用在人工智能研究中。这几十年已经出现了各具特色的Prolog编译器,而且各种编译器也都很成功。虽然在现阶段已经出现了各种版本Prolog编译器,但是Prolog编译器的发展空间还是很大。本文先通过现代Prolog编译器的不足,介绍了新Prolog编译器的特点,然后简单叙述了Prolog编译器词法分析和语法分析的过程,最后介绍了UCB策略。
文摘In this research, we aim to create a computer player that gives fun to the opponent. Research on game AI has spread widely in recent years, and many games are being studied. Some of those studies have made remarkable results. Game research is aimed at strengthening computer players. However, it is unknown whether a computer player who is too strong is good. There may also be opponents who think that a computer player is not interesting if it is too strong. Therefore, we thought whether we could create a computer player who entertains the opponent while maintaining a certain degree of strength. To realize this idea, we use the Monte Carlo Tree Search. We tried to create a computer player that gives fun to the opponent by improving the Monte Carlo Tree Search. As a result of some experiments, we succeeded in giving fun, although it was a first step. On the other hand, many problems were found through experiments. In future, it is necessary to solve these problems.
