利用常规气象观测、区域加密自动站、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h 1°×1°再分析资料和多普勒雷达探测资料,对2013年8月河南三次西南气流型强对流天气的环境条件、回波特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:(1)三次强对流天气均发生在中纬度...利用常规气象观测、区域加密自动站、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h 1°×1°再分析资料和多普勒雷达探测资料,对2013年8月河南三次西南气流型强对流天气的环境条件、回波特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:(1)三次强对流天气均发生在中纬度低槽和副热带高压相互作用,河南高、中、低层受一致西南气流影响的环流背景下,地面存在温度和露点温度梯度及辐合线,大范围强对流天气是在高空槽动力作用和地面辐合线的触发作用下,使得不稳定能量释放而引起。(2)三次强对流天气对流层中下层有比较深厚的暖湿层结,热力和水汽条件充分,对流层中上层有明显干层,从而形成了低层暖湿、上层比较干冷的对流不稳定大气层结。强的垂直风切变位于对流层中下层,对流有效位能非常大,配合一定的动力抬升条件,有利于超级单体和飑线的发生和发展。综合来看,8月1日不稳定、水汽、垂直切变和动力条件最强,1 1日次之,7日相对较弱。强对流形成条件的强弱对对流系统的组织结构有一定影响。(3)雷达和自动站加密观测资料显示,强天气过程初始阶段,主要表现为多单体回波结构,初始对流都在河南西南部和西部到山西南部的辐合线、干线附近生成,随后逐渐加强,形成多单体回波群(其中部分发展成为非典型超级单体)。成熟阶段,都发展成为线状对流系统,8月7日在河南北部形成由强对流单体组成的不连续的东北西南向线状对流回波,8月1和¨日在河南黄淮平原和华北平原高温高湿环境中形成了有组织的飑线。飑线东移过程中其前侧不断有暖湿空气辐合上升、后侧冷空气下沉辐散,互为对峙的上升和下沉气流相互作用是飑线得以发展和维持的主要原因。(4)对流层中低层相对深厚的暖湿层结及其以上的干层是盛夏西南气流形势下河南强对流天气预报值得关注的内容,CAPE、△θ_(se(850-500))、展开更多
Oxidative stress is linked to increased risk of gastric cancer and matrix metalloproteinases （MMPs） are important in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. We aimed to analyze the effect of the accumulation ...Oxidative stress is linked to increased risk of gastric cancer and matrix metalloproteinases （MMPs） are important in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. We aimed to analyze the effect of the accumulation of oxidative stress in the gastric cancer MKN-45 and 23132/87 cells following hydrogen peroxide （H202） exposure on the expression patterns of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP- 1 1, MMP- 12, MMP-14, MMP- 15, MMP- 17, MMP-23, MMP-28, and β-catenin genes. Methods： The mRNA transcripts in the cells were determined by RT-PCR. Following H202 exposure, oxidative stress in the viable cells was analyzed by 2＇,7＇-dichlorofluorescein diaeetate （DCFH-DA）. Caffeie acid phenethyl ester （CAPE） was used to eliminate oxidative stress and the consequence of H2O2 exposure and its removal on the expressions of the genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results： The expressions of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-17 and β-catenin in MKN-45 cells and only the expression of MMP-15 in 23132/87 cells were increased. Removal of the oxidative stress resulted in decrease in the expressions of MMP genes of which the expressions were increased after H202 exposure. β-catenin, a transcription factor for many genes including MMPs, also displayed decreased levels of expression in both of the cell lines following CAPE treatment. Conclusions： Our data suggest that there is a remarkable link between the accumulation of oxidative stress and the increased expressions of MMP genes in the gastric cancer cells and MMPs should be considered as potential targets of therapy in gastric cancers due to its continuous exposure to oxidative stress.展开更多
This study examined lightning activity and its relationship to precipitation and convective available potential energy （CAPE） in South China during 2001-12, based on data from the Guangdong Lightning Location System...This study examined lightning activity and its relationship to precipitation and convective available potential energy （CAPE） in South China during 2001-12, based on data from the Guangdong Lightning Location System, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite, and the ERA-Interim dataset. Two areas of high lightning density are identified： one over the Pearl River Delta, and the other to the north of Leizhou Peninsula. Large peak-current cloud-to-ground （LPCCG） lightning （〉75 kA） shows weaker land-offshore contrasts than total CG lightning, in which negative cloud-to-ground （NCG） lightning occurs more prominently than positive cloud-to-ground （PCG） lightning on land, While the frequency of total CG lightning shows a main peak in June and a second peak in August, the LPCCG lightning over land shows only a single peak in June. The ratio of positive LPCCG to total lightning is significantly greater during February-April than during other times of the year. Diurnally, CG lightning over land shows only one peak in the afternoon, whereas CG lightning offshore shows morning and afternoon peaks. The rain yield per flash is on the order of 107-108 kg per flash across the analysis region, and its spatial distribution is opposite to that of lightning density. Our data show that lightning activity over land is more sensitive than that over offshore waters to CAPE. The relationships between lightning activity and both precipitation and CAPE are associated with convection activity in the analysis region.展开更多
文摘利用常规气象观测、区域加密自动站、NCEP/NCAR逐6 h 1°×1°再分析资料和多普勒雷达探测资料,对2013年8月河南三次西南气流型强对流天气的环境条件、回波特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:(1)三次强对流天气均发生在中纬度低槽和副热带高压相互作用,河南高、中、低层受一致西南气流影响的环流背景下,地面存在温度和露点温度梯度及辐合线,大范围强对流天气是在高空槽动力作用和地面辐合线的触发作用下,使得不稳定能量释放而引起。(2)三次强对流天气对流层中下层有比较深厚的暖湿层结,热力和水汽条件充分,对流层中上层有明显干层,从而形成了低层暖湿、上层比较干冷的对流不稳定大气层结。强的垂直风切变位于对流层中下层,对流有效位能非常大,配合一定的动力抬升条件,有利于超级单体和飑线的发生和发展。综合来看,8月1日不稳定、水汽、垂直切变和动力条件最强,1 1日次之,7日相对较弱。强对流形成条件的强弱对对流系统的组织结构有一定影响。(3)雷达和自动站加密观测资料显示,强天气过程初始阶段,主要表现为多单体回波结构,初始对流都在河南西南部和西部到山西南部的辐合线、干线附近生成,随后逐渐加强,形成多单体回波群(其中部分发展成为非典型超级单体)。成熟阶段,都发展成为线状对流系统,8月7日在河南北部形成由强对流单体组成的不连续的东北西南向线状对流回波,8月1和¨日在河南黄淮平原和华北平原高温高湿环境中形成了有组织的飑线。飑线东移过程中其前侧不断有暖湿空气辐合上升、后侧冷空气下沉辐散,互为对峙的上升和下沉气流相互作用是飑线得以发展和维持的主要原因。(4)对流层中低层相对深厚的暖湿层结及其以上的干层是盛夏西南气流形势下河南强对流天气预报值得关注的内容,CAPE、△θ_(se(850-500))、
基金granted by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the project number 105S352 (SBAG-K-110)by the Scientific Research Fund of Fatih University under the project number P50030703
文摘Oxidative stress is linked to increased risk of gastric cancer and matrix metalloproteinases （MMPs） are important in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. We aimed to analyze the effect of the accumulation of oxidative stress in the gastric cancer MKN-45 and 23132/87 cells following hydrogen peroxide （H202） exposure on the expression patterns of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP- 1 1, MMP- 12, MMP-14, MMP- 15, MMP- 17, MMP-23, MMP-28, and β-catenin genes. Methods： The mRNA transcripts in the cells were determined by RT-PCR. Following H202 exposure, oxidative stress in the viable cells was analyzed by 2＇,7＇-dichlorofluorescein diaeetate （DCFH-DA）. Caffeie acid phenethyl ester （CAPE） was used to eliminate oxidative stress and the consequence of H2O2 exposure and its removal on the expressions of the genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results： The expressions of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-17 and β-catenin in MKN-45 cells and only the expression of MMP-15 in 23132/87 cells were increased. Removal of the oxidative stress resulted in decrease in the expressions of MMP genes of which the expressions were increased after H202 exposure. β-catenin, a transcription factor for many genes including MMPs, also displayed decreased levels of expression in both of the cell lines following CAPE treatment. Conclusions： Our data suggest that there is a remarkable link between the accumulation of oxidative stress and the increased expressions of MMP genes in the gastric cancer cells and MMPs should be considered as potential targets of therapy in gastric cancers due to its continuous exposure to oxidative stress.
基金supported by Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(Grant No.2013Z006 and 2014R017)National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB441402 and 2014CB441406)Technology Foundation for Selected Overseas Chinese Scholar,Ministry of Personnel of China
文摘This study examined lightning activity and its relationship to precipitation and convective available potential energy （CAPE） in South China during 2001-12, based on data from the Guangdong Lightning Location System, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite, and the ERA-Interim dataset. Two areas of high lightning density are identified： one over the Pearl River Delta, and the other to the north of Leizhou Peninsula. Large peak-current cloud-to-ground （LPCCG） lightning （〉75 kA） shows weaker land-offshore contrasts than total CG lightning, in which negative cloud-to-ground （NCG） lightning occurs more prominently than positive cloud-to-ground （PCG） lightning on land, While the frequency of total CG lightning shows a main peak in June and a second peak in August, the LPCCG lightning over land shows only a single peak in June. The ratio of positive LPCCG to total lightning is significantly greater during February-April than during other times of the year. Diurnally, CG lightning over land shows only one peak in the afternoon, whereas CG lightning offshore shows morning and afternoon peaks. The rain yield per flash is on the order of 107-108 kg per flash across the analysis region, and its spatial distribution is opposite to that of lightning density. Our data show that lightning activity over land is more sensitive than that over offshore waters to CAPE. The relationships between lightning activity and both precipitation and CAPE are associated with convection activity in the analysis region.
