Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a complex series of interactions between susceptibility genes, the environment, and the immune system. The host microbiome, as well as viruses and fungi, play important ro...Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a complex series of interactions between susceptibility genes, the environment, and the immune system. The host microbiome, as well as viruses and fungi, play important roles in the development of IBD either by causing inflammation directly or indirectly through an altered immune system. New technologies have allowed researchers to be able to quantify the various components of the microbiome, which will allow for future developments in the etiology of IBD. Various components of the mucosal immune system are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD and include intestinal epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, cells of the innate (macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) and adaptive (T-cells and B-cells) immune system, and their secreted mediators (cytokines and chemokines). Either a mucosal susceptibility or defect in sampling of gut luminal antigen, possibly through the process of autophagy, leads to activation of innate immune response that may be mediated by enhanced toll-like receptor activity. The antigen presenting cells then mediate the differentiation of naïve T-cells into effector T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, which alter gut homeostasis and lead to IBD. In this review, the effects of these components in the immunopathogenesis of IBD will be discussed.展开更多
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic relapsing immune mediated disorders that results from an aberrant response to gut luminal antigen in genetically susceptible host. The adaptive immune response that ...Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic relapsing immune mediated disorders that results from an aberrant response to gut luminal antigen in genetically susceptible host. The adaptive immune response that is then triggered was widely considered to be a T-helper-1 mediated condition in Crohn's disease and T-helpero2 mediated condition in ulcerative colitis. Recent studies in animal models, genome wide association, and basic science has provided important insights in in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, one of which was the characterization of the interleukin-23/Th-17 axis.展开更多
Several studies revealed that gut microbiota are associated with various human diseases,e.g.,metabolic diseases,allergies,gastroenterological diseases,and liver diseases.The liver can be greatly affected by changes in...Several studies revealed that gut microbiota are associated with various human diseases,e.g.,metabolic diseases,allergies,gastroenterological diseases,and liver diseases.The liver can be greatly affected by changes in gut microbiota due to the entry of gut bacteria or their metabolites into the liver through the portal vein,and the liver-gut axis is important to understand the pathophysiology of several liver diseases,especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy.Moreover,gut microbiota play a significant role in the development of alcoholic liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis.Based on theseprevious findings,trials using probiotics have been performed for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases.In this review,we summarize the current understanding of the changes in gut microbiota associated with various liver diseases,and we describe the therapeutic trials of probiotics for those diseases.展开更多
基金Supported by NIH KO8 DK093578CCFA Career Development Award 3467(DQS)F Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a complex series of interactions between susceptibility genes, the environment, and the immune system. The host microbiome, as well as viruses and fungi, play important roles in the development of IBD either by causing inflammation directly or indirectly through an altered immune system. New technologies have allowed researchers to be able to quantify the various components of the microbiome, which will allow for future developments in the etiology of IBD. Various components of the mucosal immune system are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD and include intestinal epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, cells of the innate (macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) and adaptive (T-cells and B-cells) immune system, and their secreted mediators (cytokines and chemokines). Either a mucosal susceptibility or defect in sampling of gut luminal antigen, possibly through the process of autophagy, leads to activation of innate immune response that may be mediated by enhanced toll-like receptor activity. The antigen presenting cells then mediate the differentiation of naïve T-cells into effector T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, which alter gut homeostasis and lead to IBD. In this review, the effects of these components in the immunopathogenesis of IBD will be discussed.
文摘Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic relapsing immune mediated disorders that results from an aberrant response to gut luminal antigen in genetically susceptible host. The adaptive immune response that is then triggered was widely considered to be a T-helper-1 mediated condition in Crohn's disease and T-helpero2 mediated condition in ulcerative colitis. Recent studies in animal models, genome wide association, and basic science has provided important insights in in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, one of which was the characterization of the interleukin-23/Th-17 axis.
文摘Several studies revealed that gut microbiota are associated with various human diseases,e.g.,metabolic diseases,allergies,gastroenterological diseases,and liver diseases.The liver can be greatly affected by changes in gut microbiota due to the entry of gut bacteria or their metabolites into the liver through the portal vein,and the liver-gut axis is important to understand the pathophysiology of several liver diseases,especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy.Moreover,gut microbiota play a significant role in the development of alcoholic liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis.Based on theseprevious findings,trials using probiotics have been performed for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases.In this review,we summarize the current understanding of the changes in gut microbiota associated with various liver diseases,and we describe the therapeutic trials of probiotics for those diseases.