Lipid-formulated RNA vaccines have been widely used for disease prevention and treatment,yet their mechanism of action and individual components contributing to such actions remain to be delineated.Here,we show that a...Lipid-formulated RNA vaccines have been widely used for disease prevention and treatment,yet their mechanism of action and individual components contributing to such actions remain to be delineated.Here,we show that a therapeutic cancer vaccine composed of a protamine/mRNA core and a lipid shell is highly potent in promoting cytotoxic CD8+T cell responses and mediating anti-tumor immunity.Mechanistically,both the mRNA core and lipid shell are needed to fully stimulate the expression of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells.Stimulation of interferon-βexpression is exclusively dependent on STING,and antitumor activity from the mRNA vaccine is significantly compromised in mice with a defective Sting gene.Thus,the mRNA vaccine elicits STING-dependent antitumor immunity.展开更多
Aerobically activated sludge processing was carried out to treat terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater (TPD wastewater) in a lab-scale experiment, focusing on the kinetics of the COD removal. The kin...Aerobically activated sludge processing was carried out to treat terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater (TPD wastewater) in a lab-scale experiment, focusing on the kinetics of the COD removal. The kinetics pa-rameters determined from experiment were applied to evaluate the biological treatability of wastewater. Experiments showed that COD removal could be divided into two stages, in which the ratio BOD/COD (B/C) was the key factor for stage division. At the rapid-removal stage with B/C>0.1, COD removal could be described by a zero order reaction. At the mod-erate-removal stage with B/C<0.1, COD removal could be described by a first order reaction. Then Monod equation was introduced to indicate COD removal. The reaction rate constant (K) and half saturation constant (KS) were 0.0208-0.0642 L/(gMLSS)h and 0.44-0.59 (gCOD)/L respectively at 20 C-35 C. Activation energy (Ea) was 6.05104 J/mol. By comparison of kinetic parameters, the biological treatability of TPD wastewater was superior to that of traditional textile wastewater. But COD removal from TPD-wastewater was much more difficult than that from domestic and industrial wastewater, such as papermaking, beer, phenol wastewater, etc. The expected effluent quality strongly related to un-biodegradable COD and kinetics rather than total COD. The results provide useful basis for further scaling up and efficient operation of TPD wastewater treatment.展开更多
“X挺”的谓词后缀用法广泛存在于整个东北方言区。从语义上看,“挺”的使用增加了消极的情感色彩;从语法角度看,“X挺”结构可受程度副词、指示代词修饰,可作谓语、宾语;从语用方面看,“X挺”多用于非正式场合的对话中。东北方言谓词...“X挺”的谓词后缀用法广泛存在于整个东北方言区。从语义上看,“挺”的使用增加了消极的情感色彩;从语法角度看,“X挺”结构可受程度副词、指示代词修饰,可作谓语、宾语;从语用方面看,“X挺”多用于非正式场合的对话中。东北方言谓词后缀“挺”的形成受到三方面的影响:“挺”自身的演变,“挺”意义的不断虚化为“挺”由动词演变为谓词后缀提供可能;词汇化促使“挺”与不同词类的“X”结合,功能不断扩展,成为方言的常用谓词后缀;因语言接触,满语中的表“很、极”义的[t h n]借入到东北方言中,与挺的谓词后缀功能密合。最终,在三方面的共同作用下,“挺”的谓词后缀用法定型。展开更多
基金partially supported with a sponsored research grant from Stemirna Therapeutics,Chinafrom internal funding sources in Houston Methodist Research Institute,USA
文摘Lipid-formulated RNA vaccines have been widely used for disease prevention and treatment,yet their mechanism of action and individual components contributing to such actions remain to be delineated.Here,we show that a therapeutic cancer vaccine composed of a protamine/mRNA core and a lipid shell is highly potent in promoting cytotoxic CD8+T cell responses and mediating anti-tumor immunity.Mechanistically,both the mRNA core and lipid shell are needed to fully stimulate the expression of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells.Stimulation of interferon-βexpression is exclusively dependent on STING,and antitumor activity from the mRNA vaccine is significantly compromised in mice with a defective Sting gene.Thus,the mRNA vaccine elicits STING-dependent antitumor immunity.
文摘Aerobically activated sludge processing was carried out to treat terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater (TPD wastewater) in a lab-scale experiment, focusing on the kinetics of the COD removal. The kinetics pa-rameters determined from experiment were applied to evaluate the biological treatability of wastewater. Experiments showed that COD removal could be divided into two stages, in which the ratio BOD/COD (B/C) was the key factor for stage division. At the rapid-removal stage with B/C>0.1, COD removal could be described by a zero order reaction. At the mod-erate-removal stage with B/C<0.1, COD removal could be described by a first order reaction. Then Monod equation was introduced to indicate COD removal. The reaction rate constant (K) and half saturation constant (KS) were 0.0208-0.0642 L/(gMLSS)h and 0.44-0.59 (gCOD)/L respectively at 20 C-35 C. Activation energy (Ea) was 6.05104 J/mol. By comparison of kinetic parameters, the biological treatability of TPD wastewater was superior to that of traditional textile wastewater. But COD removal from TPD-wastewater was much more difficult than that from domestic and industrial wastewater, such as papermaking, beer, phenol wastewater, etc. The expected effluent quality strongly related to un-biodegradable COD and kinetics rather than total COD. The results provide useful basis for further scaling up and efficient operation of TPD wastewater treatment.
文摘“X挺”的谓词后缀用法广泛存在于整个东北方言区。从语义上看,“挺”的使用增加了消极的情感色彩;从语法角度看,“X挺”结构可受程度副词、指示代词修饰,可作谓语、宾语;从语用方面看,“X挺”多用于非正式场合的对话中。东北方言谓词后缀“挺”的形成受到三方面的影响:“挺”自身的演变,“挺”意义的不断虚化为“挺”由动词演变为谓词后缀提供可能;词汇化促使“挺”与不同词类的“X”结合,功能不断扩展,成为方言的常用谓词后缀;因语言接触,满语中的表“很、极”义的[t h n]借入到东北方言中,与挺的谓词后缀功能密合。最终,在三方面的共同作用下,“挺”的谓词后缀用法定型。
