为分析马(Equus caballus)和驴(Equus asinus)杂交后两套结构和功能完善的独立基因组在骡基因组中整合后的结构多样性,本研究以马属动物三成员家系的全基因组序列为研究对象,分别以纯血马基因组和驴基因组为参考,识别驴、马和骡的InDel...为分析马(Equus caballus)和驴(Equus asinus)杂交后两套结构和功能完善的独立基因组在骡基因组中整合后的结构多样性,本研究以马属动物三成员家系的全基因组序列为研究对象,分别以纯血马基因组和驴基因组为参考,识别驴、马和骡的InDel、SNP和CNV;通过生物信息分析,分析骡的de novo SNP及其突变频率、识别骡特异性CNV,并进行功能分析。结果显示:1)驴、马和骡分别获得100.01、103.78和114.36 Gb的高质量Illumina基因组测序数据。2)以纯血马基因组为参考,识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为402533~2110786、5012403~23819055和2126~3761;以驴基因组为参考,识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为527351~2279875、3212499~23549224和3572~7812。3)骡de novo SNPs分别为555和419,其突变频率为1.72×10^(-7)~2.21×10^(-7)。4)获得骡特异性CNVs分别为396和859,总长度分别为2.15和3.77 Mb。5)变异相关基因主要和机体的免疫及癌症过程相关。综上,骡基因组发生了高频率的de novo SNPs和特异性CNVs,这些结构变异可能对马和驴异种杂交不相容以及骡的遗传适应性具有重要意义,为进一步开展马和驴异种杂交的遗传基础及其分子机制的研究提供候选遗传位点。展开更多
Human activity has been shown to influence how animals assess the risk of predation, but we know little about the spatial scale of such impacts. We quantified how vigilance and flight behavior in mule deer Odocoileus ...Human activity has been shown to influence how animals assess the risk of predation, but we know little about the spatial scale of such impacts. We quantified how vigilance and flight behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied with distance from an area of concentrated human activity--a subalpine field station. An observer walked trails at various distances away from the station looking for deer. Upon encounter, the observer walked toward the focal animal and noted the distance at which it alerted and directed its attention to the approaching human （Alert Distance; AD）, and the distance at which it fled （Flight Initiation Distance;. FID）. AD and FID both increased nonlinearly with distance from the center of the field station, reaching pla- teaus around 250 m and 750 m, respectively. Deer also tended to flee by stotting or running, rather than by walking, when far from the station but they walked away when near the station. These results indicate that deer perceive lower risk near a focused area of human activity, and that vigilance and flight behaviors respond on somewhat different spatial scales. The concept of a spatial ＂human footprint＂ on behavior may be useful for understanding how human activities affect wildlife展开更多
文摘为分析马(Equus caballus)和驴(Equus asinus)杂交后两套结构和功能完善的独立基因组在骡基因组中整合后的结构多样性,本研究以马属动物三成员家系的全基因组序列为研究对象,分别以纯血马基因组和驴基因组为参考,识别驴、马和骡的InDel、SNP和CNV;通过生物信息分析,分析骡的de novo SNP及其突变频率、识别骡特异性CNV,并进行功能分析。结果显示:1)驴、马和骡分别获得100.01、103.78和114.36 Gb的高质量Illumina基因组测序数据。2)以纯血马基因组为参考,识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为402533~2110786、5012403~23819055和2126~3761;以驴基因组为参考,识别的InDels、SNPs和CNVs分别为527351~2279875、3212499~23549224和3572~7812。3)骡de novo SNPs分别为555和419,其突变频率为1.72×10^(-7)~2.21×10^(-7)。4)获得骡特异性CNVs分别为396和859,总长度分别为2.15和3.77 Mb。5)变异相关基因主要和机体的免疫及癌症过程相关。综上,骡基因组发生了高频率的de novo SNPs和特异性CNVs,这些结构变异可能对马和驴异种杂交不相容以及骡的遗传适应性具有重要意义,为进一步开展马和驴异种杂交的遗传基础及其分子机制的研究提供候选遗传位点。
文摘Human activity has been shown to influence how animals assess the risk of predation, but we know little about the spatial scale of such impacts. We quantified how vigilance and flight behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied with distance from an area of concentrated human activity--a subalpine field station. An observer walked trails at various distances away from the station looking for deer. Upon encounter, the observer walked toward the focal animal and noted the distance at which it alerted and directed its attention to the approaching human （Alert Distance; AD）, and the distance at which it fled （Flight Initiation Distance;. FID）. AD and FID both increased nonlinearly with distance from the center of the field station, reaching pla- teaus around 250 m and 750 m, respectively. Deer also tended to flee by stotting or running, rather than by walking, when far from the station but they walked away when near the station. These results indicate that deer perceive lower risk near a focused area of human activity, and that vigilance and flight behaviors respond on somewhat different spatial scales. The concept of a spatial ＂human footprint＂ on behavior may be useful for understanding how human activities affect wildlife
