A survey was carried out in this study to find out the factors that the raters perceived as affecting the rating of TEM-4 Oral Test, a large-scale tape-mediated oral English testing system in China. The findings show ...A survey was carried out in this study to find out the factors that the raters perceived as affecting the rating of TEM-4 Oral Test, a large-scale tape-mediated oral English testing system in China. The findings show that what the raters perceived as affecting the rating included training, raters' interaction with the rating criteria, raters' physical and emotional conditions, raters' attitudes towards the rating work, raters' oral English proficiency level, and the recording quality. Raters' educational and research background were perceived not to affect the rating.展开更多
Selection of air conditioning（AC） cold/heat sources generally concerns about certain aspects and cannot reveal the whole profile of the problems. Grey relation analysis （GRA） is a data processing method to categor...Selection of air conditioning（AC） cold/heat sources generally concerns about certain aspects and cannot reveal the whole profile of the problems. Grey relation analysis （GRA） is a data processing method to categorize the correlation extent of compared sequences and a certain reference sequence in a system with uncertain information. It is applied to evaluating and selecting AC cold/heat sources from four main aspects, which are technology, economy, reliability, and operation and management. Case study shows that the result for selecting AC cold/heat sources with the GRA method can be more reasonable and convincible. Thus it offers a new approach for designers in heating, ventilating and air conditioning field to compare and evaluate different AC cold/heat sou rces.展开更多
This study consists of two questionnaire surveys conducted in two stages to investigate factors that high-stakes exam essay raters believe to affect their rating behavior. Raters were all university Chinese teachers o...This study consists of two questionnaire surveys conducted in two stages to investigate factors that high-stakes exam essay raters believe to affect their rating behavior. Raters were all university Chinese teachers of English majors. Seventy-three participants in stage one and 75 in stage two responded to the same questionnaire. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in data analysis. Results showed that there were generally six broad factors interfering with the rating process： rating scale, rater training, rating supervision, rater characteristics, eye-catching text features and rating condition. The interaction of those factors reflected the tension between the constraints executed by the test institution and raters＇ own knowledge and understanding of essay rating. This study may shed light on measures taken to improve essay rating quality.展开更多
基金This study is one part of the TEM-4 Oral Test project funded by Institute of Oral English Studies of Nanjing University The author here shows her gratitude to the institute and TEM-4 Oral Test Center for both financial and data support
文摘A survey was carried out in this study to find out the factors that the raters perceived as affecting the rating of TEM-4 Oral Test, a large-scale tape-mediated oral English testing system in China. The findings show that what the raters perceived as affecting the rating included training, raters' interaction with the rating criteria, raters' physical and emotional conditions, raters' attitudes towards the rating work, raters' oral English proficiency level, and the recording quality. Raters' educational and research background were perceived not to affect the rating.
文摘Selection of air conditioning（AC） cold/heat sources generally concerns about certain aspects and cannot reveal the whole profile of the problems. Grey relation analysis （GRA） is a data processing method to categorize the correlation extent of compared sequences and a certain reference sequence in a system with uncertain information. It is applied to evaluating and selecting AC cold/heat sources from four main aspects, which are technology, economy, reliability, and operation and management. Case study shows that the result for selecting AC cold/heat sources with the GRA method can be more reasonable and convincible. Thus it offers a new approach for designers in heating, ventilating and air conditioning field to compare and evaluate different AC cold/heat sou rces.
基金supported by the Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China for Humanity and Social Science Research(15YJC740004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(16LZUJBWZY032+1 种基金LZUJBWZY069)Fund of School of Foreign Languages of LZU(16LZUWYXSTD002)
文摘This study consists of two questionnaire surveys conducted in two stages to investigate factors that high-stakes exam essay raters believe to affect their rating behavior. Raters were all university Chinese teachers of English majors. Seventy-three participants in stage one and 75 in stage two responded to the same questionnaire. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in data analysis. Results showed that there were generally six broad factors interfering with the rating process： rating scale, rater training, rating supervision, rater characteristics, eye-catching text features and rating condition. The interaction of those factors reflected the tension between the constraints executed by the test institution and raters＇ own knowledge and understanding of essay rating. This study may shed light on measures taken to improve essay rating quality.
