This research aimed to identify and characterize individual spherical fly ash particles extracted from surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No.1 (UG1), Eastern Tien Shan, central Asia. Characterization of the spherical part...This research aimed to identify and characterize individual spherical fly ash particles extracted from surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No.1 (UG1), Eastern Tien Shan, central Asia. Characterization of the spherical particles (i.e. morphology, chemical composition and genesis) was obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). This method enabled the characterization of submicroscopic spherical particles, which were present in very small quantities. Spherical particles and agglomerates were identified according to their morphology in five snow samples. Prevalent particle types in all samples were granular spherical particles, hollow spherical particles, irregularly shaped carbonaceous particles and agglomerates. The vast majority of spherical particles in our samples had mostly smooth and glossy surfaces, although these particles varied in diameter and elemental composition. The diameter of fly ash particles ranged from 0.76 to 16.7 m, with an average of 3.79 m (median: 3.21 m). Individual particle analyses of elemental composition showed that particles formed in combustion were mainly composed of carbon, silicon, aluminum and trace elements (e.g. Na, K, Ca, Fe). Some spherical fly ash particles contained toxic heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cr, As, Zn), and indicated that fly ash particles acted as the main possible carriers of toxic heavy metals deposited in snow and ice of glaciers in high altitudes of central Asia. On the basis of chemical information obtained from EDX, the fly ash particles deposited in the snow could be classified into four types. Namely, Si-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.24 m were formed by industrial coal combustion via high temperature processes in typical coal-fired heating stations and thermal power plants. Moreover, Fe-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.82 m, and Ti-dominant spherical particles formed by lower temperature processes in foundry and iron or steel plants. In addition, C-dominant particles, with aver展开更多
Combustion experiments for three coals of different ranks were conducted in an electrically-heated drop tube furnace. The size distributions of major elements in the residual ash particles (>0.4μm) such as Al, Si,...Combustion experiments for three coals of different ranks were conducted in an electrically-heated drop tube furnace. The size distributions of major elements in the residual ash particles (>0.4μm) such as Al, Si, S, P, Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe were investigated. The experimental results showed that the con-centrations of Al and Si in the residual ash particles decreased with decreasing particle size, while the concentrations of S and P increased with decreasing particle size. No consistent size distributions were obtained for Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe. The established deposition model accounting for trace element dis-tributions was demonstrated to be applicable to some major elements as well. The modeling results indicated that the size distributions of the refractory elements, Al and Si, were mainly influenced by the deposition of vaporized elements on particle surfaces. A dominant fraction of S and P vaporized during coal combustion. Their size distributions were determined by surface condensation, reaction or adsorption. The partitioning mechanisms of Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe were more complex.展开更多
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) has received increasing attention as a potentially powerful technique for in-situ measuring of the volume fraction and primary size of soot particles in combustion systems. In this st...Laser-induced incandescence (LII) has received increasing attention as a potentially powerful technique for in-situ measuring of the volume fraction and primary size of soot particles in combustion systems. In this study, a 3D Monte Carlo simulation combined with a Mie equation was developed to analyze the influence of spectral absorption and scattering on the measured LII flux emitted by soot particles. This paper represents a first attempt to analyze soot measurement using the LII technique in coal combustion products. The combustion products of gases (CO2, N2), soot, and fly-ash particles, present between the location of laser-excited soot and the LII flux receiver. The simulation results indicated that an almost Beer-Lambert exponential decrease in LII flux occurred with an increase in the volume fraction of soot particles, while a nearly linear decrease occurred with an increase in the volume fraction of fly-ash particles. The results also showed that scattering effects of both soot and fly-ash particles on the LII flux could be neglected. Compared with the absorption of gases, a decrease of 20% of LII flux was observed with soot particles, and a decrease of 10% with fly-ash particles.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40871046, 40571038 and 4081019001) the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-146)
文摘This research aimed to identify and characterize individual spherical fly ash particles extracted from surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No.1 (UG1), Eastern Tien Shan, central Asia. Characterization of the spherical particles (i.e. morphology, chemical composition and genesis) was obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). This method enabled the characterization of submicroscopic spherical particles, which were present in very small quantities. Spherical particles and agglomerates were identified according to their morphology in five snow samples. Prevalent particle types in all samples were granular spherical particles, hollow spherical particles, irregularly shaped carbonaceous particles and agglomerates. The vast majority of spherical particles in our samples had mostly smooth and glossy surfaces, although these particles varied in diameter and elemental composition. The diameter of fly ash particles ranged from 0.76 to 16.7 m, with an average of 3.79 m (median: 3.21 m). Individual particle analyses of elemental composition showed that particles formed in combustion were mainly composed of carbon, silicon, aluminum and trace elements (e.g. Na, K, Ca, Fe). Some spherical fly ash particles contained toxic heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cr, As, Zn), and indicated that fly ash particles acted as the main possible carriers of toxic heavy metals deposited in snow and ice of glaciers in high altitudes of central Asia. On the basis of chemical information obtained from EDX, the fly ash particles deposited in the snow could be classified into four types. Namely, Si-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.24 m were formed by industrial coal combustion via high temperature processes in typical coal-fired heating stations and thermal power plants. Moreover, Fe-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.82 m, and Ti-dominant spherical particles formed by lower temperature processes in foundry and iron or steel plants. In addition, C-dominant particles, with aver
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50706013, 50721005 & 50720145604)
文摘Combustion experiments for three coals of different ranks were conducted in an electrically-heated drop tube furnace. The size distributions of major elements in the residual ash particles (>0.4μm) such as Al, Si, S, P, Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe were investigated. The experimental results showed that the con-centrations of Al and Si in the residual ash particles decreased with decreasing particle size, while the concentrations of S and P increased with decreasing particle size. No consistent size distributions were obtained for Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe. The established deposition model accounting for trace element dis-tributions was demonstrated to be applicable to some major elements as well. The modeling results indicated that the size distributions of the refractory elements, Al and Si, were mainly influenced by the deposition of vaporized elements on particle surfaces. A dominant fraction of S and P vaporized during coal combustion. Their size distributions were determined by surface condensation, reaction or adsorption. The partitioning mechanisms of Na, Mg, K, Ca and Fe were more complex.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60534030)the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (973) (No. 2009CB219802)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to University (No. B08026),China
文摘Laser-induced incandescence (LII) has received increasing attention as a potentially powerful technique for in-situ measuring of the volume fraction and primary size of soot particles in combustion systems. In this study, a 3D Monte Carlo simulation combined with a Mie equation was developed to analyze the influence of spectral absorption and scattering on the measured LII flux emitted by soot particles. This paper represents a first attempt to analyze soot measurement using the LII technique in coal combustion products. The combustion products of gases (CO2, N2), soot, and fly-ash particles, present between the location of laser-excited soot and the LII flux receiver. The simulation results indicated that an almost Beer-Lambert exponential decrease in LII flux occurred with an increase in the volume fraction of soot particles, while a nearly linear decrease occurred with an increase in the volume fraction of fly-ash particles. The results also showed that scattering effects of both soot and fly-ash particles on the LII flux could be neglected. Compared with the absorption of gases, a decrease of 20% of LII flux was observed with soot particles, and a decrease of 10% with fly-ash particles.
