股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是临床常见的难治性疾病。虽然其确切的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,但普遍认为与骨内循环中断和最终骨组织死亡紧密相关。股骨头坏死的预防和保头治疗一直是临床骨科医生面临的巨大...股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是临床常见的难治性疾病。虽然其确切的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,但普遍认为与骨内循环中断和最终骨组织死亡紧密相关。股骨头坏死的预防和保头治疗一直是临床骨科医生面临的巨大挑战。为进一步规范ONFH的诊断和治疗,2020版指南在"中国成人股骨头坏死诊疗指南(2016)"的基础上,对ONFH的流行病学、病因学、病理生理学、影像学、诊断和治疗的新进展等方面进行了修订和更新。国际骨循环研究学会(The Association Research Circulation Osseous,ARCO)制订的股骨头坏死分期在指导治疗、判断预后、评估疗效等方面广泛应用,最新的ARCO分期系统(2019版)也引入指南中。指南不仅建立了ONFH的基本诊断、治疗和评价体系,还提供了流行病学、病因学、诊断标准、病理分期、预防和治疗选择(包括中医药治疗)以及术后康复等方面的专家意见和标准。根据不同阶段骨坏死的骨内血供变化,推荐相应的非手术治疗和手术治疗;存在ONFH的可能危险因素时,建议采取一定的预防措施以避免股骨头坏死的发生。指南为骨坏死提供了简要的分类标准和治疗方案。明确病因、综合考虑不同阶段股骨头坏死的血运状态、髋关节功能、患者的年龄和职业是诊断和制定治疗策略的重要步骤。展开更多
This review discusses the pathophysiology,epidemiology,risk factors,classification,clinical evaluation,and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlarg...This review discusses the pathophysiology,epidemiology,risk factors,classification,clinical evaluation,and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions.The most common symptom of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding associated with bowel movement.The abnormal dilatation and distortion of the vascular channel,together with destructive changes in the supporting connective tissue within the anal cushion,is a paramount finding of hemorrhoids.It appears that the dysregulation of the vascular tone and vascular hyperplasia might play an important role in hemorrhoidal development,and could be a potential target for medical treatment.In most instances,hemorrhoids are treated conservatively,using many methods such as lifestyle modification,fiber supplement,suppositorydelivered anti-inflammatory drugs,and administration of venotonic drugs.Non-operative approaches include sclerotherapy and,preferably,rubber band ligation.An operation is indicated when non-operative approaches have failed or complications have occurred.Several surgical approaches for treating hemorrhoids have been introduced including hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy,but postoperative pain is invariable.Some of the surgical treatments potentially cause appreciable morbidity such as anal stricture and incontinence.The applications and outcomes of each treatment are thoroughly discussed.展开更多
目的为深入研究酒精性肝病的发病机制,提供一个简单可行的动物模型,并利用此模型检测血浆PDGF含量在酒精性肝病发生发展中的变化。方法本研究在平衡饮食的条件下,以400mL·L^(-1)乙醇,8g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),日3次灌胃至4wk末...目的为深入研究酒精性肝病的发病机制,提供一个简单可行的动物模型,并利用此模型检测血浆PDGF含量在酒精性肝病发生发展中的变化。方法本研究在平衡饮食的条件下,以400mL·L^(-1)乙醇,8g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),日3次灌胃至4wk末,自5wk,以500 mL·L^(-1)乙醇,9g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),日3次灌胃至8 wk末,自9 wk,以500mL·L^(-1)乙醇,10g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)日3次灌胃至12wk末,诱导酒精性肝病大鼠动物模型,分别于4wk末、8wk末、12wk末观察肝脏病理学改变,并用生物活性法测定了对照组及实验组不同病理阶段血浆中血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)的含量。结果光镜显示对照组肝细胞以中央静脉为中心呈放射状排列,酒精摄入4wk末,肝细胞中重度脂肪变性,8wk末肝细胞变性坏死,炎性细胞浸润,Mallory染色可见胶原于中央静脉沉积增加,12wk末变性坏死及炎性细胞浸润明显,Mallory染色可见胶原自中央静脉向窦周隙伸展,呈现轻度肝纤维化改变,PDGF含量结果可见与同时期对照组相比,实验组PDGF含量(kU·L^(-1))均有显著增高,4,8,12wk分别为67±15 vs 31±18(P<0.05),130±30vs33±19(P<0.001),202±20 vs 36±6(P<0.001);实验组不同时期差异明显,随病程进展病变加重,8wk与4wk相比,P<0.01,12wk与8wk相比,P<0.001。结论灌胃为一种简单可行的造模方法;PDGF可能在酒精性肝纤维化的发生发展中起重要作用,但详细机制有待进一步探讨。展开更多
文摘股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是临床常见的难治性疾病。虽然其确切的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,但普遍认为与骨内循环中断和最终骨组织死亡紧密相关。股骨头坏死的预防和保头治疗一直是临床骨科医生面临的巨大挑战。为进一步规范ONFH的诊断和治疗,2020版指南在"中国成人股骨头坏死诊疗指南(2016)"的基础上,对ONFH的流行病学、病因学、病理生理学、影像学、诊断和治疗的新进展等方面进行了修订和更新。国际骨循环研究学会(The Association Research Circulation Osseous,ARCO)制订的股骨头坏死分期在指导治疗、判断预后、评估疗效等方面广泛应用,最新的ARCO分期系统(2019版)也引入指南中。指南不仅建立了ONFH的基本诊断、治疗和评价体系,还提供了流行病学、病因学、诊断标准、病理分期、预防和治疗选择(包括中医药治疗)以及术后康复等方面的专家意见和标准。根据不同阶段骨坏死的骨内血供变化,推荐相应的非手术治疗和手术治疗;存在ONFH的可能危险因素时,建议采取一定的预防措施以避免股骨头坏死的发生。指南为骨坏死提供了简要的分类标准和治疗方案。明确病因、综合考虑不同阶段股骨头坏死的血运状态、髋关节功能、患者的年龄和职业是诊断和制定治疗策略的重要步骤。
基金Supported by Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,Mahidol University,Bangkok,Thailand
文摘This review discusses the pathophysiology,epidemiology,risk factors,classification,clinical evaluation,and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions.The most common symptom of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding associated with bowel movement.The abnormal dilatation and distortion of the vascular channel,together with destructive changes in the supporting connective tissue within the anal cushion,is a paramount finding of hemorrhoids.It appears that the dysregulation of the vascular tone and vascular hyperplasia might play an important role in hemorrhoidal development,and could be a potential target for medical treatment.In most instances,hemorrhoids are treated conservatively,using many methods such as lifestyle modification,fiber supplement,suppositorydelivered anti-inflammatory drugs,and administration of venotonic drugs.Non-operative approaches include sclerotherapy and,preferably,rubber band ligation.An operation is indicated when non-operative approaches have failed or complications have occurred.Several surgical approaches for treating hemorrhoids have been introduced including hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy,but postoperative pain is invariable.Some of the surgical treatments potentially cause appreciable morbidity such as anal stricture and incontinence.The applications and outcomes of each treatment are thoroughly discussed.
文摘目的为深入研究酒精性肝病的发病机制,提供一个简单可行的动物模型,并利用此模型检测血浆PDGF含量在酒精性肝病发生发展中的变化。方法本研究在平衡饮食的条件下,以400mL·L^(-1)乙醇,8g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),日3次灌胃至4wk末,自5wk,以500 mL·L^(-1)乙醇,9g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),日3次灌胃至8 wk末,自9 wk,以500mL·L^(-1)乙醇,10g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)日3次灌胃至12wk末,诱导酒精性肝病大鼠动物模型,分别于4wk末、8wk末、12wk末观察肝脏病理学改变,并用生物活性法测定了对照组及实验组不同病理阶段血浆中血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)的含量。结果光镜显示对照组肝细胞以中央静脉为中心呈放射状排列,酒精摄入4wk末,肝细胞中重度脂肪变性,8wk末肝细胞变性坏死,炎性细胞浸润,Mallory染色可见胶原于中央静脉沉积增加,12wk末变性坏死及炎性细胞浸润明显,Mallory染色可见胶原自中央静脉向窦周隙伸展,呈现轻度肝纤维化改变,PDGF含量结果可见与同时期对照组相比,实验组PDGF含量(kU·L^(-1))均有显著增高,4,8,12wk分别为67±15 vs 31±18(P<0.05),130±30vs33±19(P<0.001),202±20 vs 36±6(P<0.001);实验组不同时期差异明显,随病程进展病变加重,8wk与4wk相比,P<0.01,12wk与8wk相比,P<0.001。结论灌胃为一种简单可行的造模方法;PDGF可能在酒精性肝纤维化的发生发展中起重要作用,但详细机制有待进一步探讨。
