From the perspective of global economic general equilibrium, this study developed a new climate change IAM named CIECIA. The economic core of this IAM is a multi-country-sector general equilibrium model. The endogenou...From the perspective of global economic general equilibrium, this study developed a new climate change IAM named CIECIA. The economic core of this IAM is a multi-country-sector general equilibrium model. The endogenous technology progress mode is introduced into CIECIA. Based on this model, three assessment principles of the global cooperating abatement scheme are proposed, including effectiveness, feasibility, and fairness. This study simulated and analyzed six types of primary global cooperating abatement schemes. The simulated results indicate that all of the selected schemes can satisfy the climate mitigation targets by 2100. Thus, they are all effective schemes. However, the schemes have quite different feasibilities and fairness. The Stern Scheme benefits the developed countries, but is unfair to the developing countries. The Nordhaus Scheme promotes the developments of the developing countries. However, it leads to negative impacts on the interests of the developed countries. The principle of convergence on accumulated carbon emissions per capita and the principle of convergence on carbon emissions per capita benefit the economic developments of the middle and low developing countries most. However, these two types of schemes cause tremendous losses to the main economic entities in the world including China. The Pareto Improvement Scheme, which was developed from the Global Economic Growth Scheme, balances the fairness and feasibility in the carbon abatement process and realizes the Pareto improvement of accumulated utilities in all the participating countries. Thus, the Pareto Improvement Scheme is the most reasonable global cooperating carbon abatement scheme.展开更多
A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutio...A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutional framework for addressing global greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of equity and sustainability. But the sustainability of carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the total global carbon budget （the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security） is made an absolute constraint. If an initial allocation is made among all members of the global village on a per capita basis, a limited total budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure equity. Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs, we should implement carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding financial mechanism to ensure efficient allocation. Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol, the carbon budget proposal presented here is a comprehensive and holistic package. Due to the politicization of the climate change question, however, many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.展开更多
Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential mechanism to counteract global wanning. Here we use the University of Victoria Earth System Model （UVic） to simulate the effect of idealized sunshade geoengineer...Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential mechanism to counteract global wanning. Here we use the University of Victoria Earth System Model （UVic） to simulate the effect of idealized sunshade geoengineering on the global carbon cycle. We conduct two simulations. The first is the A2 simulation, where the model is driven by prescribed emission scenario based on the SRES A2 COz emission pathway. The second is the solar geoengineering simulation in which the model is driven by the A2 CO2 emission scenario combined with sunshade solar geoengineering. In the model, solar geoengineering is represented by a spatially uniform reduction in solar insolation that is implemented at year 2020 to offset CO2-induced global mean surface temperature change. Our results show that solar geoengineering increases global carbon uptake relative to A2, in particular CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere. The increase in land carbon uptake is mainly associated with increased net primary production （NPP） in the tropics in the geoengineering simulation, which prevents excess warming in tropics. By year 2100, solar geoengineering decreases A2-simulated atmospheric CO2 by 110 ppm （12%） and causes a 60% （251 Pg C） increase in land carbon accumulation compared to A2. Solar geoengineering also prevents the reduction in ocean oxygen concentration caused by increased ocean temperatures and decreased ocean ventilation, but reduces global ocean NPE Our results suggest that to fully access the climate effect of solar geoengineering, the response of the global carbon cycle should be taken into account.展开更多
作为全球应对气候变化的技术途径之一，碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage，CCS）技术受到了世界各国的广泛重视。尽管国人对其尚有陌生，但CCS技术已是当前气候变化领域最前沿、最重大的课题之一，全球积极倡导碳减排的主要能...作为全球应对气候变化的技术途径之一，碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage，CCS）技术受到了世界各国的广泛重视。尽管国人对其尚有陌生，但CCS技术已是当前气候变化领域最前沿、最重大的课题之一，全球积极倡导碳减排的主要能源研究机构、组织和国家，已经一致将CCS技术列为未来的碳减排关键技术，并斥巨资开展CCS技术的相关研究和工业化实践。展开更多
This paper gives a systematic view of the new trends of global carbon finance innovation under the challenge of global climate change and in the process of transition to achieve economic growth from "high carbon&...This paper gives a systematic view of the new trends of global carbon finance innovation under the challenge of global climate change and in the process of transition to achieve economic growth from "high carbon" to 'low carbon",covering the following aspects:the structure,status quo and developing trend of global carbon market.The paper discusses the innovation in financial organization and service systems and governments' overall guidance and policy support,and draws the conclusion that the world is undergoing massive changes with governments actively responding to carbon finance to embrace the tremendous opportunities for clean energy and climate change in financial industry.To seize the opportunity,a complete and overall carbon finance system of China should be put in the top of the agenda.Given the current tasks of energy conservation and pollution reduction and the growing demand for capital input,China needs to construct an clear of policy guidance,a diversified financia service system,and a multi-approach carbon finance system to intensify and widen the participation of financial industry,to expand financing channels for sustainable economy and spread risks,and finally,work out an inexpensive solution to the realization of China's low carbon target.展开更多
Consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level.However,as the issue involves economic costs and the right to develop,the international institutional framework for ...Consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level.However,as the issue involves economic costs and the right to develop,the international institutional framework for addressing greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of impartiality and sustainability.However,a sustainable carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint.If a preliminary distribution was made among the world's population on a per capita basis,the total limited global carbon budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure the proposal's equitable.Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs,we should carry out carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding funding mechanism to ensure efficient allocation under the proposal.Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol,the carbon budget proposal outlined above is a comprehensive and holistic package.Due to the politicization of the climate change issue,however,many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.展开更多
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB955800)
文摘From the perspective of global economic general equilibrium, this study developed a new climate change IAM named CIECIA. The economic core of this IAM is a multi-country-sector general equilibrium model. The endogenous technology progress mode is introduced into CIECIA. Based on this model, three assessment principles of the global cooperating abatement scheme are proposed, including effectiveness, feasibility, and fairness. This study simulated and analyzed six types of primary global cooperating abatement schemes. The simulated results indicate that all of the selected schemes can satisfy the climate mitigation targets by 2100. Thus, they are all effective schemes. However, the schemes have quite different feasibilities and fairness. The Stern Scheme benefits the developed countries, but is unfair to the developing countries. The Nordhaus Scheme promotes the developments of the developing countries. However, it leads to negative impacts on the interests of the developed countries. The principle of convergence on accumulated carbon emissions per capita and the principle of convergence on carbon emissions per capita benefit the economic developments of the middle and low developing countries most. However, these two types of schemes cause tremendous losses to the main economic entities in the world including China. The Pareto Improvement Scheme, which was developed from the Global Economic Growth Scheme, balances the fairness and feasibility in the carbon abatement process and realizes the Pareto improvement of accumulated utilities in all the participating countries. Thus, the Pareto Improvement Scheme is the most reasonable global cooperating carbon abatement scheme.
文摘A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutional framework for addressing global greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of equity and sustainability. But the sustainability of carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the total global carbon budget （the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security） is made an absolute constraint. If an initial allocation is made among all members of the global village on a per capita basis, a limited total budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure equity. Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs, we should implement carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding financial mechanism to ensure efficient allocation. Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol, the carbon budget proposal presented here is a comprehensive and holistic package. Due to the politicization of the climate change question, however, many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB953601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675063 & 41422503)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential mechanism to counteract global wanning. Here we use the University of Victoria Earth System Model （UVic） to simulate the effect of idealized sunshade geoengineering on the global carbon cycle. We conduct two simulations. The first is the A2 simulation, where the model is driven by prescribed emission scenario based on the SRES A2 COz emission pathway. The second is the solar geoengineering simulation in which the model is driven by the A2 CO2 emission scenario combined with sunshade solar geoengineering. In the model, solar geoengineering is represented by a spatially uniform reduction in solar insolation that is implemented at year 2020 to offset CO2-induced global mean surface temperature change. Our results show that solar geoengineering increases global carbon uptake relative to A2, in particular CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere. The increase in land carbon uptake is mainly associated with increased net primary production （NPP） in the tropics in the geoengineering simulation, which prevents excess warming in tropics. By year 2100, solar geoengineering decreases A2-simulated atmospheric CO2 by 110 ppm （12%） and causes a 60% （251 Pg C） increase in land carbon accumulation compared to A2. Solar geoengineering also prevents the reduction in ocean oxygen concentration caused by increased ocean temperatures and decreased ocean ventilation, but reduces global ocean NPE Our results suggest that to fully access the climate effect of solar geoengineering, the response of the global carbon cycle should be taken into account.
文摘作为全球应对气候变化的技术途径之一，碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage，CCS）技术受到了世界各国的广泛重视。尽管国人对其尚有陌生，但CCS技术已是当前气候变化领域最前沿、最重大的课题之一，全球积极倡导碳减排的主要能源研究机构、组织和国家，已经一致将CCS技术列为未来的碳减排关键技术，并斥巨资开展CCS技术的相关研究和工业化实践。
文摘This paper gives a systematic view of the new trends of global carbon finance innovation under the challenge of global climate change and in the process of transition to achieve economic growth from "high carbon" to 'low carbon",covering the following aspects:the structure,status quo and developing trend of global carbon market.The paper discusses the innovation in financial organization and service systems and governments' overall guidance and policy support,and draws the conclusion that the world is undergoing massive changes with governments actively responding to carbon finance to embrace the tremendous opportunities for clean energy and climate change in financial industry.To seize the opportunity,a complete and overall carbon finance system of China should be put in the top of the agenda.Given the current tasks of energy conservation and pollution reduction and the growing demand for capital input,China needs to construct an clear of policy guidance,a diversified financia service system,and a multi-approach carbon finance system to intensify and widen the participation of financial industry,to expand financing channels for sustainable economy and spread risks,and finally,work out an inexpensive solution to the realization of China's low carbon target.
基金sponsored by UN-China Climate Change Partnership Framework project
文摘Consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level.However,as the issue involves economic costs and the right to develop,the international institutional framework for addressing greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of impartiality and sustainability.However,a sustainable carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint.If a preliminary distribution was made among the world's population on a per capita basis,the total limited global carbon budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure the proposal's equitable.Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs,we should carry out carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding funding mechanism to ensure efficient allocation under the proposal.Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol,the carbon budget proposal outlined above is a comprehensive and holistic package.Due to the politicization of the climate change issue,however,many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.
