相较于暴雨这种日尺度强降水,短时强降水(≥20 mm h^(−1))是造成山洪滑坡与城市内涝等灾害更为直接的因素。本文利用地面气象观测站和ERA5再分析数据,重点研究南海季风爆发前后珠江三角洲地区(简称珠三角)短时强降水的时空演变特征,并...相较于暴雨这种日尺度强降水,短时强降水(≥20 mm h^(−1))是造成山洪滑坡与城市内涝等灾害更为直接的因素。本文利用地面气象观测站和ERA5再分析数据,重点研究南海季风爆发前后珠江三角洲地区(简称珠三角)短时强降水的时空演变特征,并探索了短时强降水在季风爆发前后特征差异的可能成因。研究表明:(1)相较于季风爆发前,珠三角地区季风爆发后的降水明显增多,其中短时强降水贡献的比例显著增加。对短时强降水本身而言,区域平均强度以及极端性在季风爆发前后差异总体较小,但短时强降水频率在季风爆发后增加70%。(2)短时强降水高发区主要集中在珠三角东北部和珠江口西侧沿海,季风爆发后上述两个地区的频次增多最明显。短时强降水频率由季风爆发前的单峰型(下午)转为季风爆发后的双峰型(早晨与下午)。(3)短时强降水具有明显的区域性变化特征,短时强降水在季风爆发后的平均雨强和极端性在珠江口西侧沿海较内陆地区明显增强,其频次峰值时间在沿海地区从季风爆发前的午后转为季风爆发后的早晨,内陆地区在季风爆发前后均集中在下午。(4)季风爆发后,短时强降水期间的低层环境水汽超过同期气候态水平的16%。充沛的水汽在夜间在季风加速作用下被输送至沿海,并与陆风作用增强了辐合,这解释了沿海短时强降水的在季风爆发前后频次峰值时间转换现象。(5)相较于季风爆发前,季风爆发后珠三角短时强降水频率与低层水汽通量的相关性明显升高。珠三角沿海地区夜间—早晨短时强降水的增多与中低层风场结构改变造成的动力强迫有关。内陆地区季风爆发前后短时强降水与环境热力和不稳定条件关系更大。这些结果有助于我们更好地了解珠三角地区在季风爆发前后短时强降水的时空分布特征和理解其产生机制。展开更多
The principle of ＂holding on while waiting for the situation to change＂ is generally considered by scholars specializing in the Nationalist Government＇s wartime diplomacy to have been the government＇s basic policy...The principle of ＂holding on while waiting for the situation to change＂ is generally considered by scholars specializing in the Nationalist Government＇s wartime diplomacy to have been the government＇s basic policy pursued during the earlier period of the AntiJapanese War. The ＂changes＂ expected were major changes in the international situation leading to the formation of a world antiaggression front, so that China, then fighting alone against Japan, would be backed by powerful allies. On the basis of this conclusion, it is generally held that the Na- tionalist Government welcomed the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 as speeding up the formation of two opposing camps. This belief is in general valid, but careful study reveals it took considerable time for the Nationalist Government to see the question this way. In fact, for some time before the outbreak of war in Europe, the Nationalist Government did not really hope that ＂a world war＂ would occur, and at the outset of the war, it was bewildered and deeply concerned rather than exhilarated and encouraged.展开更多
文摘相较于暴雨这种日尺度强降水,短时强降水(≥20 mm h^(−1))是造成山洪滑坡与城市内涝等灾害更为直接的因素。本文利用地面气象观测站和ERA5再分析数据,重点研究南海季风爆发前后珠江三角洲地区(简称珠三角)短时强降水的时空演变特征,并探索了短时强降水在季风爆发前后特征差异的可能成因。研究表明:(1)相较于季风爆发前,珠三角地区季风爆发后的降水明显增多,其中短时强降水贡献的比例显著增加。对短时强降水本身而言,区域平均强度以及极端性在季风爆发前后差异总体较小,但短时强降水频率在季风爆发后增加70%。(2)短时强降水高发区主要集中在珠三角东北部和珠江口西侧沿海,季风爆发后上述两个地区的频次增多最明显。短时强降水频率由季风爆发前的单峰型(下午)转为季风爆发后的双峰型(早晨与下午)。(3)短时强降水具有明显的区域性变化特征,短时强降水在季风爆发后的平均雨强和极端性在珠江口西侧沿海较内陆地区明显增强,其频次峰值时间在沿海地区从季风爆发前的午后转为季风爆发后的早晨,内陆地区在季风爆发前后均集中在下午。(4)季风爆发后,短时强降水期间的低层环境水汽超过同期气候态水平的16%。充沛的水汽在夜间在季风加速作用下被输送至沿海,并与陆风作用增强了辐合,这解释了沿海短时强降水的在季风爆发前后频次峰值时间转换现象。(5)相较于季风爆发前,季风爆发后珠三角短时强降水频率与低层水汽通量的相关性明显升高。珠三角沿海地区夜间—早晨短时强降水的增多与中低层风场结构改变造成的动力强迫有关。内陆地区季风爆发前后短时强降水与环境热力和不稳定条件关系更大。这些结果有助于我们更好地了解珠三角地区在季风爆发前后短时强降水的时空分布特征和理解其产生机制。
文摘The principle of ＂holding on while waiting for the situation to change＂ is generally considered by scholars specializing in the Nationalist Government＇s wartime diplomacy to have been the government＇s basic policy pursued during the earlier period of the AntiJapanese War. The ＂changes＂ expected were major changes in the international situation leading to the formation of a world antiaggression front, so that China, then fighting alone against Japan, would be backed by powerful allies. On the basis of this conclusion, it is generally held that the Na- tionalist Government welcomed the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 as speeding up the formation of two opposing camps. This belief is in general valid, but careful study reveals it took considerable time for the Nationalist Government to see the question this way. In fact, for some time before the outbreak of war in Europe, the Nationalist Government did not really hope that ＂a world war＂ would occur, and at the outset of the war, it was bewildered and deeply concerned rather than exhilarated and encouraged.
