The association between the Siberian Traps,the largest continental flood basalt province,and the largest-known mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period,has been strengthened by re-cently-published high-p...The association between the Siberian Traps,the largest continental flood basalt province,and the largest-known mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period,has been strengthened by re-cently-published high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dates from widespread localities across the Siberian prov-ince[1]. We argue that the impact of the volcanism was amplified by the prevailing late Permian envi-ronmental conditions―in particular,the hothouse climate,with sluggish oceanic circulation,that was leading to widespread oceanic anoxia. Volcanism released large masses of sulphate aerosols and carbon dioxide,the former triggering short-duration volcanic winters,the latter leading to long-term warming. Whilst the mass of CO2 released from individual eruptions was small compared with the total mass of carbon in the atmosphere-ocean system,the long ‘mean lifetime’ of atmospheric CO2,com-pared with the eruption flux and duration,meant that significant accumulation could occur over periods of 105 years. Compromise of the carbon sequestration systems (by curtailment of photosynthesis,de-struction of biomass,and warming and acidification of the oceans) probably led to rapid atmospheric CO2 build-up,warming,and shallow-water anoxia,leading ultimately to mass extinction.展开更多
构建碳排放统计核算体系是国家碳排放总量和强度“双控”制度建设的基础性工作,应研究“既与国际接轨、又具中国特色”的碳排放统计核算体系碳排放核算与温室气体核算的关系碳排放是关于温室气体排放的一个总称或简称,是应对气候变化、...构建碳排放统计核算体系是国家碳排放总量和强度“双控”制度建设的基础性工作,应研究“既与国际接轨、又具中国特色”的碳排放统计核算体系碳排放核算与温室气体核算的关系碳排放是关于温室气体排放的一个总称或简称,是应对气候变化、减少温室气候排放的统称。据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,简称:IPCC)第四次评估报告,温室气体排放是加剧全球变暖与气候变化的根源。因此,处理好碳排放核算与温室气体核算的关系,需要界定和规范三个层次的统计核算方法和规则。展开更多
后京都时代国际气候谈判与磋商的平台日趋多元,这为将来国际碳减排合作增加了诸多可能性和变数,联合国第十九次气候变化大会的结果充分说明了这点,各方仍未达成满意且有实质性的全球减排目标。博弈论是一个研究国际环境问题的有效工具,...后京都时代国际气候谈判与磋商的平台日趋多元,这为将来国际碳减排合作增加了诸多可能性和变数,联合国第十九次气候变化大会的结果充分说明了这点,各方仍未达成满意且有实质性的全球减排目标。博弈论是一个研究国际环境问题的有效工具,通过它可以有效分析国际碳减排合作中国家的战略行为,进而解析合作中存在的问题并寻求可能的解决途径。本文首先构建信号博弈模型,将博弈主体对待环境的态度分为强弱两类,分析了国际碳减排合作的基本特征和存在的问题,由于发展中国家往往是弱环境偏好的,不能让它们承担先行者的责任,因此在国际碳减排问题上,发达国家能否采取更为积极的行动是合作形成的前提保证。为了解决国际减排合作中的搭便车问题,本文借鉴Carpenter et al(2009)所建立的公共品供给模型,引入惩罚机制,分析了影响国家搭便车的因素,结果显示惩罚机制可以有效解决环境保护中的"囚徒困境"问题。展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Environment Research Council,UK (Grant No.NE/C003276)
文摘The association between the Siberian Traps,the largest continental flood basalt province,and the largest-known mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period,has been strengthened by re-cently-published high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dates from widespread localities across the Siberian prov-ince[1]. We argue that the impact of the volcanism was amplified by the prevailing late Permian envi-ronmental conditions―in particular,the hothouse climate,with sluggish oceanic circulation,that was leading to widespread oceanic anoxia. Volcanism released large masses of sulphate aerosols and carbon dioxide,the former triggering short-duration volcanic winters,the latter leading to long-term warming. Whilst the mass of CO2 released from individual eruptions was small compared with the total mass of carbon in the atmosphere-ocean system,the long ‘mean lifetime’ of atmospheric CO2,com-pared with the eruption flux and duration,meant that significant accumulation could occur over periods of 105 years. Compromise of the carbon sequestration systems (by curtailment of photosynthesis,de-struction of biomass,and warming and acidification of the oceans) probably led to rapid atmospheric CO2 build-up,warming,and shallow-water anoxia,leading ultimately to mass extinction.
文摘构建碳排放统计核算体系是国家碳排放总量和强度“双控”制度建设的基础性工作,应研究“既与国际接轨、又具中国特色”的碳排放统计核算体系碳排放核算与温室气体核算的关系碳排放是关于温室气体排放的一个总称或简称,是应对气候变化、减少温室气候排放的统称。据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,简称:IPCC)第四次评估报告,温室气体排放是加剧全球变暖与气候变化的根源。因此,处理好碳排放核算与温室气体核算的关系,需要界定和规范三个层次的统计核算方法和规则。
文摘后京都时代国际气候谈判与磋商的平台日趋多元,这为将来国际碳减排合作增加了诸多可能性和变数,联合国第十九次气候变化大会的结果充分说明了这点,各方仍未达成满意且有实质性的全球减排目标。博弈论是一个研究国际环境问题的有效工具,通过它可以有效分析国际碳减排合作中国家的战略行为,进而解析合作中存在的问题并寻求可能的解决途径。本文首先构建信号博弈模型,将博弈主体对待环境的态度分为强弱两类,分析了国际碳减排合作的基本特征和存在的问题,由于发展中国家往往是弱环境偏好的,不能让它们承担先行者的责任,因此在国际碳减排问题上,发达国家能否采取更为积极的行动是合作形成的前提保证。为了解决国际减排合作中的搭便车问题,本文借鉴Carpenter et al(2009)所建立的公共品供给模型,引入惩罚机制,分析了影响国家搭便车的因素,结果显示惩罚机制可以有效解决环境保护中的"囚徒困境"问题。
