VOCs play an increasingly important role in affecting air quality and threatening human health in China in recent years,where industry activities show a significant contribution to VOCs emission.In this article we rep...VOCs play an increasingly important role in affecting air quality and threatening human health in China in recent years,where industry activities show a significant contribution to VOCs emission.In this article we report our long term study of industrial VOCs emissions of six major industries (vehicle manufacturing,printing,equipment coating,electronic manufacturing,furniture manufacturing and bio-pharming) on the aspects of emission characteristics,environmental impact and health risk assessment,and control challenge analysis with the purpose to obtain in-depth understanding of industry VOCs emissions and offer some original basements for national control and management of industry VOCs emissions.This study shows that all these industries give middle or low emission with total VOCs concentration less than 1000 mg/m3 at each exhaust pipe.Benzenes,esters,alcohols,ketones,alkanes,chloroalkanes and alkenes were detected as the major emission components and the most frequently monitored VOCs were benzenes,which varied obviously with different processes and industries.The environmental impact assessments indicate that vehicle manufacturing and benzenes should be prior controlled with the purpose to reduce air pollution.While,health risk assessments suggest that furniture manufacturing and chloroalkanes should be firstly controlled.Control analysis indicates that developing technologies with low cost and high efficiency and establishing and completing specific industry emission standards/regulations are the two key issues in VOCs emission management at present stage.展开更多
稻田温室气体(甲烷和氧化亚氮)排放强度受多种田间管理的影响,以往对各种措施间的交互效应研究较少。为此,该研究利用改进的静态箱-气相色谱法进行了连续4个生长季的湖南典型双季稻田温室气体排放强度观测,旨在分析耕作和稻草还田2种措...稻田温室气体(甲烷和氧化亚氮)排放强度受多种田间管理的影响,以往对各种措施间的交互效应研究较少。为此,该研究利用改进的静态箱-气相色谱法进行了连续4个生长季的湖南典型双季稻田温室气体排放强度观测,旨在分析耕作和稻草还田2种措施的交互效应并探寻多措施联合减缓温室气体排放强度的途径。试验设4个处理:翻耕(CWS,conventional tillage without straw residue)、免耕(NWS,no till without straw residue)、免耕高茬还田(HN,no till with high stubble straw residue)和翻耕高茬还田(HC,conventional tillage with high stubble straw residue)。结果表明,耕作和稻草还田2种措施对稻田甲烷排放有显著的交互效应(P<0.05),但对氧化亚氮交互效应不显著。2种措施对稻田温室气体排放强度的影响有明显的季节和年际变异。多生长季平均而言,各处理甲烷排放顺序为HC>HN>CWS>NWS(HC显著高于HN,HN和CWS差异不显著),水稻产量顺序为CWS>HN>HC>NWS(HN和CWS差异不显著),而温室气体排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity)顺序为HC>CWS>HN>NWS(HN显著低于HC和CWS,P<0.05)。可见,"免耕高茬还田"模式能抵消翻耕处理的高温室气体排放,并能比NWS处理提高水稻产量,显著减缓双季稻田温室气体排放强度。在保护性耕作和农田碳库提升的需求下,该模式应被予以高度重视。该研究可为中国双季稻主产区温室气体排放强度减缓措施的选择提供科学支撑。展开更多
基金supported by the Team Interaction and Cooperation of the Science and Technology Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-JS402)+4 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB732300)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDB05050200)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA063101)the Program of Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning(2012A014)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(8112015)
文摘VOCs play an increasingly important role in affecting air quality and threatening human health in China in recent years,where industry activities show a significant contribution to VOCs emission.In this article we report our long term study of industrial VOCs emissions of six major industries (vehicle manufacturing,printing,equipment coating,electronic manufacturing,furniture manufacturing and bio-pharming) on the aspects of emission characteristics,environmental impact and health risk assessment,and control challenge analysis with the purpose to obtain in-depth understanding of industry VOCs emissions and offer some original basements for national control and management of industry VOCs emissions.This study shows that all these industries give middle or low emission with total VOCs concentration less than 1000 mg/m3 at each exhaust pipe.Benzenes,esters,alcohols,ketones,alkanes,chloroalkanes and alkenes were detected as the major emission components and the most frequently monitored VOCs were benzenes,which varied obviously with different processes and industries.The environmental impact assessments indicate that vehicle manufacturing and benzenes should be prior controlled with the purpose to reduce air pollution.While,health risk assessments suggest that furniture manufacturing and chloroalkanes should be firstly controlled.Control analysis indicates that developing technologies with low cost and high efficiency and establishing and completing specific industry emission standards/regulations are the two key issues in VOCs emission management at present stage.
文摘农业机械作为一种重要的非道路机械类型,其主要动力源为柴油机,而柴油机固有的燃烧方式会导致其颗粒物(PM)和氮氧化物(NOx)等污染物排放严重,开展农业机械污染排放控制技术的研究对人体健康和环境保护均具有重要意义。该文从农业机械排放法规、降低农业机械污染排放的单项技术路线、满足更高排放限值要求的组合技术路线3个方面进行阐述。农业机械排放法规分析了欧盟、美国和中国法规对排放限值和测试循环的要求以及各国法规的差异。中国目前正在实施的农业机械国III排放标准,与欧盟的Stage IV和美国Tier IV标准相比,排放限值相对宽松;欧盟农业机械排放法规的NRSC测试循环主要包括8工况循环和5工况循环,而中国和美国规定,19 k W以下的非恒定转速的农业机械柴油机也可使用6工况循环进行测试;欧盟和中国规定污染物测量的最终结果为冷启动循环结果的10%和热启动循环结果的90%的加权,而美国将冷启动循环结果的比例调低至5%。单项技术路线对油品技术、机内净化技术和机外排气后处理技术进行了介绍。其中,油品技术包括提升燃油和润滑油品质、采用替代燃料等;机内净化技术包括农业机械柴油机本体优化设计、增压及增压中冷、燃油喷射优化和废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)等;机外排气后处理技术包括柴油机氧化催化转化技术(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)、柴油机颗粒捕集技术(diesel particulate filter,DPF)和选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)等。组合技术路线总结了满足国III和国IV阶段以及国外最新排放标准的技术路线。"优化燃烧+SCR"技术路线的柴油机比采用"EGR+DPF/CDPF"技术路线的柴油机节省5%~7%的油耗,若扣除尿素消耗,前者仍有一定节油优势;模块构建和单体式后处理系统等先进的农业机械污染排放控制技术是满足Stage I
文摘稻田温室气体(甲烷和氧化亚氮)排放强度受多种田间管理的影响,以往对各种措施间的交互效应研究较少。为此,该研究利用改进的静态箱-气相色谱法进行了连续4个生长季的湖南典型双季稻田温室气体排放强度观测,旨在分析耕作和稻草还田2种措施的交互效应并探寻多措施联合减缓温室气体排放强度的途径。试验设4个处理:翻耕(CWS,conventional tillage without straw residue)、免耕(NWS,no till without straw residue)、免耕高茬还田(HN,no till with high stubble straw residue)和翻耕高茬还田(HC,conventional tillage with high stubble straw residue)。结果表明,耕作和稻草还田2种措施对稻田甲烷排放有显著的交互效应(P<0.05),但对氧化亚氮交互效应不显著。2种措施对稻田温室气体排放强度的影响有明显的季节和年际变异。多生长季平均而言,各处理甲烷排放顺序为HC>HN>CWS>NWS(HC显著高于HN,HN和CWS差异不显著),水稻产量顺序为CWS>HN>HC>NWS(HN和CWS差异不显著),而温室气体排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity)顺序为HC>CWS>HN>NWS(HN显著低于HC和CWS,P<0.05)。可见,"免耕高茬还田"模式能抵消翻耕处理的高温室气体排放,并能比NWS处理提高水稻产量,显著减缓双季稻田温室气体排放强度。在保护性耕作和农田碳库提升的需求下,该模式应被予以高度重视。该研究可为中国双季稻主产区温室气体排放强度减缓措施的选择提供科学支撑。
