Through an exhaustive analysis of the historical records, this article concludes that the ideological roots of the coastal areas and territorial seas policy of the Qing government sprang from the Confucian method of f...Through an exhaustive analysis of the historical records, this article concludes that the ideological roots of the coastal areas and territorial seas policy of the Qing government sprang from the Confucian method of frontier administration. Taking humanity and justice as its core, conciliation as its means, and defensive preparations as its deterrent force, the policy advocated changing the foreign countries which dealt with China and influencing them morally to enable these countries to achieve order and render the whole world peaceful. The author further finds that the Qing rulers of China did not merely inherit the traditional thought on frontier administration but also made many breakthroughs and developments.展开更多
This essay examines the system of interest - bearing silver, an important financial and economic institution during the Kangxi reign. Before the Kangxi reign the Ministry of Revenue managed the system of interest - be...This essay examines the system of interest - bearing silver, an important financial and economic institution during the Kangxi reign. Before the Kangxi reign the Ministry of Revenue managed the system of interest - bearing silver. During the Kangxi reign the system of interest - bearing went through two phases of development. In the first phase from the initial years of his reign to the 56th year, Kangxi shifted responsibility for the system from the Ministry of Revenue to the Neiwufu (the authority responsib1e for imperial affairs) . The army of the Eight Banners and some of their troops also set up the Gong Ku (this body loaned Qing government silver) and the Gang Shan Ku (similar to the Gong Ku, but its interest rate was lower) and En Shang (which award the interest earned on loans to Imperial relatives). In the second phase from the 56th year of the Kangxi reign until his death, Kangxi abolished the Gong Ku, and limited the scope of system of interest - bearing silver due to corruption.展开更多
文摘Through an exhaustive analysis of the historical records, this article concludes that the ideological roots of the coastal areas and territorial seas policy of the Qing government sprang from the Confucian method of frontier administration. Taking humanity and justice as its core, conciliation as its means, and defensive preparations as its deterrent force, the policy advocated changing the foreign countries which dealt with China and influencing them morally to enable these countries to achieve order and render the whole world peaceful. The author further finds that the Qing rulers of China did not merely inherit the traditional thought on frontier administration but also made many breakthroughs and developments.
文摘This essay examines the system of interest - bearing silver, an important financial and economic institution during the Kangxi reign. Before the Kangxi reign the Ministry of Revenue managed the system of interest - bearing silver. During the Kangxi reign the system of interest - bearing went through two phases of development. In the first phase from the initial years of his reign to the 56th year, Kangxi shifted responsibility for the system from the Ministry of Revenue to the Neiwufu (the authority responsib1e for imperial affairs) . The army of the Eight Banners and some of their troops also set up the Gong Ku (this body loaned Qing government silver) and the Gang Shan Ku (similar to the Gong Ku, but its interest rate was lower) and En Shang (which award the interest earned on loans to Imperial relatives). In the second phase from the 56th year of the Kangxi reign until his death, Kangxi abolished the Gong Ku, and limited the scope of system of interest - bearing silver due to corruption.
