杜奇教授(Giuseppe Tocci)在尼泊尔的两次科学考察的初步报告中,广泛地论及了象雄的问题(1),在这个问题上,他充分利用了藏文、梵文和中文资料。本文是对杜奇教授解决象雄问题的评论,意在提出关于这个问题的不同的假说。在我研究的过程中...杜奇教授(Giuseppe Tocci)在尼泊尔的两次科学考察的初步报告中,广泛地论及了象雄的问题(1),在这个问题上,他充分利用了藏文、梵文和中文资料。本文是对杜奇教授解决象雄问题的评论,意在提出关于这个问题的不同的假说。在我研究的过程中,仔细的研究了有关的资料,研究了我无法直接得到而在杜奇教授的报告中所引用的材料,在脚注中还简明地提到了梵文本的参考书。此外,这篇文章还引用了佐藤长(Hisa Shi Sato)的《藏族古代史》一书的某些段落(2),抱歉的是伯希和(P·Pelliot)有关古代藏族的遗著,最近已在巴黎出版(3),而我尚未收到。我在本文中将不讨论象雄的宗教和语言,因为缺乏足够的材料,在此就只限于讨论象雄的地理位置(4)。因此,要求读者研究与本文持不同意见的资料丰富的杜奇报告。了解本文所使用的资料之后,更便于理解讨论的内容。展开更多
Treeline ecotone dynamics of Abies spectabilis （D. Don） Mirb. in the Barun valley, Makalu Barun National Park, eastern Nepal Himalaya were studied by establishing seven plots （20 m x variable length） from the fore...Treeline ecotone dynamics of Abies spectabilis （D. Don） Mirb. in the Barun valley, Makalu Barun National Park, eastern Nepal Himalaya were studied by establishing seven plots （20 m x variable length） from the foresfline to the tree species limit： three plots on the south- and north-facing slopes each （S1-S3, N1-N3）, and one plot on the east- facing slope （E） in the relatively undisturbed forests. A dendroecological method was used to study treeline advance rate and recruitment pattern. In all the plots, most trees established in the early 20th century, and establishment in the second half of the 20th century was confined to the foresfline area. Treeline position has not advanced substantially in the Barun valley, with 0nly 22 m average elevational shift in the last 13o years, and with average current shifting rate of 14 cm/yr. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between tree age and elevation on the south-, north-, and east-facing slopes. The number of seedlings and saplings in near the treeline area was negligible compared to that near the foresfline area. Therefore, A. spectabilis treeline response to the temperature change was slow, despite the increasing temperature trend in the region. Beside the temperature change, factors such as high inter-annual variability in temperature, dense shrub cover, and local topography also play an important role in treeline advance and controlling recruitment pattern above the treeline.展开更多
文摘杜奇教授(Giuseppe Tocci)在尼泊尔的两次科学考察的初步报告中,广泛地论及了象雄的问题(1),在这个问题上,他充分利用了藏文、梵文和中文资料。本文是对杜奇教授解决象雄问题的评论,意在提出关于这个问题的不同的假说。在我研究的过程中,仔细的研究了有关的资料,研究了我无法直接得到而在杜奇教授的报告中所引用的材料,在脚注中还简明地提到了梵文本的参考书。此外,这篇文章还引用了佐藤长(Hisa Shi Sato)的《藏族古代史》一书的某些段落(2),抱歉的是伯希和(P·Pelliot)有关古代藏族的遗著,最近已在巴黎出版(3),而我尚未收到。我在本文中将不讨论象雄的宗教和语言,因为缺乏足够的材料,在此就只限于讨论象雄的地理位置(4)。因此,要求读者研究与本文持不同意见的资料丰富的杜奇报告。了解本文所使用的资料之后,更便于理解讨论的内容。
文摘Treeline ecotone dynamics of Abies spectabilis （D. Don） Mirb. in the Barun valley, Makalu Barun National Park, eastern Nepal Himalaya were studied by establishing seven plots （20 m x variable length） from the foresfline to the tree species limit： three plots on the south- and north-facing slopes each （S1-S3, N1-N3）, and one plot on the east- facing slope （E） in the relatively undisturbed forests. A dendroecological method was used to study treeline advance rate and recruitment pattern. In all the plots, most trees established in the early 20th century, and establishment in the second half of the 20th century was confined to the foresfline area. Treeline position has not advanced substantially in the Barun valley, with 0nly 22 m average elevational shift in the last 13o years, and with average current shifting rate of 14 cm/yr. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between tree age and elevation on the south-, north-, and east-facing slopes. The number of seedlings and saplings in near the treeline area was negligible compared to that near the foresfline area. Therefore, A. spectabilis treeline response to the temperature change was slow, despite the increasing temperature trend in the region. Beside the temperature change, factors such as high inter-annual variability in temperature, dense shrub cover, and local topography also play an important role in treeline advance and controlling recruitment pattern above the treeline.
