根据NCEP/DOE再分析资料的地面感热通量和潜热通量以及MICAPS天气图资料识别的高原低涡资料集,研究了近30年来青藏高原夏季地面热源和高原低涡生成频数的气候学特征,分析了高原地面加热与低涡生成频数的时间相关性及其物理成因。得到如...根据NCEP/DOE再分析资料的地面感热通量和潜热通量以及MICAPS天气图资料识别的高原低涡资料集,研究了近30年来青藏高原夏季地面热源和高原低涡生成频数的气候学特征,分析了高原地面加热与低涡生成频数的时间相关性及其物理成因。得到如下认知:夏季高原地面感热通量的气候均值为58 W m-2,近30年地面感热总体呈微弱的减小趋势。其中在1980年代初期和21世纪前10年的大部分时段,地面感热呈增大趋势,而中间时段呈波动式下降。地面感热具有准3年为主的周期振荡,1996年前后是其开始减弱的突变点。高原夏季地面潜热通量的气候均值为62 W m-2,近30年呈波动状变化并伴有增大趋势。地面潜热的周期振荡以准4年为主,地面潜热增大的突变始于2004年前后。夏季高原地面热源的气候均值为120 W m-2,其中地面感热与地面潜热对地面热源的贡献在夏季大致相当。地面热源总体呈幅度不大的减弱趋势,其中1980年代到1990年代末偏强,21世纪前6年明显偏弱,随后又转为偏强。地面热源亦呈准3年为主的周期振荡并在1997年前后发生由强转弱的突变。根据MICAPS天气图资料的识别和统计,近30来夏季高原低涡的生成频数整体呈现一定程度的线性减少趋势,低涡高发期主要集中在1980年代到1990年代中后期。低涡生成频数有准7年为主的周期振荡现象,自1990年代中期开始的低涡生成频数的减少态势在1998年前后发生了突变。夏季高原低涡生成频数与同期高原地面感热呈高度正相关,与地面潜热呈一定程度的负相关,但与同期地面热源仍呈较显著的正相关。因此,在气候尺度上,高原地面热源偏强特别是地面感热偏强的时期,对应高原低涡的多发期。本研究从气候统计的时间相关性角度揭示了高原地面加热作用对催生高原低涡乃至高原对流活动的重要性。展开更多
A coupled system of the interdecadal sea-air oscillator model is studied. The E1 Nifio-southem oscillation （ENSO） atmospheric physics oscillation is an abnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmo...A coupled system of the interdecadal sea-air oscillator model is studied. The E1 Nifio-southem oscillation （ENSO） atmospheric physics oscillation is an abnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillator model is involved with the variations of both the eastern and western Pacific anomaly pat- terns. This paper proposes an ENSO atmospheric physics model using a method of the perturbation theory. The aim is to create an asymptotic solving method for the ENSO model. Employing the perturbed method, the asymptotic solution of corresponding problem is obtained, and the asymptotic behaviour of the solution is studied. Thus we can obtain the prognoses of the sea surface temperature anomaly and related physical quantities.展开更多
Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes du...Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes during the last several decades. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in the hot extremes over China have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigate the role of land-atmosphere coupling for hot days and heat waves during summer over China using two long-term Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with and without interactive soil moisture. Results indicate that land-atmosphere coupling mainly amplifies hot extremes over China. In particular, significant amplifying effects appear over most of eastern and southwestern China. Over these areas, land-atmosphere coupling generally accounts for 30%-70% of the numbers of hot days and heat waves. This study highlights the critical importance of land-atmosphere interactions for the occurrence of hot extremes over China.展开更多
The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-a...The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere.展开更多
In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were collected and used to perform a composite analysis of the monsoon onset process in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).The sea surface temperature(SST) in the centr...In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were collected and used to perform a composite analysis of the monsoon onset process in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).The sea surface temperature(SST) in the central BoB increases dramatically during the monsoon transition period and reaches its annual maximum just before the onset of the monsoon.This process is illustrated by the northward-propagating deep convection phase of the intraseasonal oscillation and the establishment of a steady southwest wind.It is argued that the SST peak plays a potential role in triggering the onset of the monsoon in the BoB and its vicinity.The general picture of the BoB monsoon onset summarized here reveals the possibility of regional land-ocean-atmosphere interaction.This possibility deserves further examination.展开更多
Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. I...Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.展开更多
In order to understand the relative importance of anthropogenic and biological sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Northeast Asia,we measured total carbon(TC)and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)and their stable carb...In order to understand the relative importance of anthropogenic and biological sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Northeast Asia,we measured total carbon(TC)and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)and their stable carbon isotope ratios(d^(13)C)in total suspended particulates collected from Sapporo,northern Japan(43.07°N,141.36°E)over a 1-year period(during 2 September 2009and 5 October 2010).Temporal variations of TC showed a gradual decrease from mid-autumn to winter followed by a gradual increase to growing season with a peak in early summer.Both d^(13)C_(TC)and d^(13)C_(WSOC)showed very similar temporal trends with a gradual enrichment of^(13)C from mid-autumn to winter followed by a depletion in the^(13)C to early summer and thereafter it remained stable,except for few cases.Based on the results obtained together with the air mass trajectories,we found that biogenic emissions including biological particles(e.g.,pollen)and secondary organic aerosol formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds are the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols in spring/summer whereas fungal spores from soil and biomass burning and enhanced fossil fuel combustion contribute significantly in autumn/winter and in winter,respectively,in Northeast Asia.展开更多
To improve current understanding of the water cycle,energy partitioning and CO2 exchange over hilly zone vegetative land surfaces in the subtropical monsoon environment of southern China,a long-term field experiment o...To improve current understanding of the water cycle,energy partitioning and CO2 exchange over hilly zone vegetative land surfaces in the subtropical monsoon environment of southern China,a long-term field experiment observatory was set up at Ningxiang,eastern Hunan Province.This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the field observations at the observatory collected from August to November 2012.Results show that significant diurnal variations in soil temperature occur only in shallow soil layers(0.05,0.10,and 0.20 m),and that heavy rainfall affects soil moisture in the deep layers(≥ 0.40 m).During the experimental period,significant diurnal variations in albedo,radiation components,energy components,and CO2 flux were observed,but little seasonal variation.Strong photosynthesis in the vegetation canopy enhanced the CO2 absorption and the latent heat released in daylight hours;Latent heat of evaporation was the main consumer of available energy in late summer.Because the field experiment data are demonstrably reliable,the observatory will provide reliable long-term measurements for future investigations of the land-atmosphere interaction over hilly land surfaces in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China.展开更多
应美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校（University of California，Davis）土地、大气和水资源系（Department of Land，Air and Water Resources）的邀请，中国气象科学研究院（以下简称“气科院”）马建中研究员于2018年6月20日至8月1日...应美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校（University of California，Davis）土地、大气和水资源系（Department of Land，Air and Water Resources）的邀请，中国气象科学研究院（以下简称“气科院”）马建中研究员于2018年6月20日至8月1日赴美国对该校进行短期访问。此次访问的目的是就大气环流模式模拟的地表能量收支与卫星资料对比分析问题进行科研和学术交流，并进一步建立在大气化学-气溶胶-辐射-天气相互作用研究方面的合作关系。展开更多
Uncertainties in some key parameters in land surface models severely restrict the improvement of model capacity for successful simulation of surface-atmosphere interaction. These key parameters are related to soil moi...Uncertainties in some key parameters in land surface models severely restrict the improvement of model capacity for successful simulation of surface-atmosphere interaction. These key parameters are related to soil moisture and heat transfer and phy- sical processes in the vegetation canopy as well as other important aerodynamic processes. In the present study, measurements of surface-atmosphere interaction at two observation stations that are located in the typical semi-arid region of China, Tongyu Station in Jilin Province and Yuzhong Station in Gansu Province, are combined with the planetary boundary layer theory to estimate the value of two key aerodynamic parameters, i.e., surface roughness length zorn and excess resistance κB-1. Multiple parameterization schemes have been used in the study to obtain values for surface roughness length and excess resistance κB-1 at the two stations. Results indicate that Zorn has distinct seasonal and inter-annual variability. For the type of surface with low-height vegetation, there is a large difference between the default value of Zorn in the land surface model and that obtained from this study, κB-1 demonstrates a significant diurnal variation and seasonal variability. Using the modified scheme for the estimation of Zom and κB-1 in the land surface model, it is found that simulations of sensible heat flux over the semi-arid region have been greatly improved. These results suggest that it is necessary to further evaluate the default values of various parameters used in land surface models based on field measurements. The approach to combine field measurements with atmospheric boundary layer theory to retrieve realistic values for key parameters in land surface models presents a great potential in the improvement of modeling studies of surface-atmosphere interaction.展开更多
文摘根据NCEP/DOE再分析资料的地面感热通量和潜热通量以及MICAPS天气图资料识别的高原低涡资料集,研究了近30年来青藏高原夏季地面热源和高原低涡生成频数的气候学特征,分析了高原地面加热与低涡生成频数的时间相关性及其物理成因。得到如下认知:夏季高原地面感热通量的气候均值为58 W m-2,近30年地面感热总体呈微弱的减小趋势。其中在1980年代初期和21世纪前10年的大部分时段,地面感热呈增大趋势,而中间时段呈波动式下降。地面感热具有准3年为主的周期振荡,1996年前后是其开始减弱的突变点。高原夏季地面潜热通量的气候均值为62 W m-2,近30年呈波动状变化并伴有增大趋势。地面潜热的周期振荡以准4年为主,地面潜热增大的突变始于2004年前后。夏季高原地面热源的气候均值为120 W m-2,其中地面感热与地面潜热对地面热源的贡献在夏季大致相当。地面热源总体呈幅度不大的减弱趋势,其中1980年代到1990年代末偏强,21世纪前6年明显偏弱,随后又转为偏强。地面热源亦呈准3年为主的周期振荡并在1997年前后发生由强转弱的突变。根据MICAPS天气图资料的识别和统计,近30来夏季高原低涡的生成频数整体呈现一定程度的线性减少趋势,低涡高发期主要集中在1980年代到1990年代中后期。低涡生成频数有准7年为主的周期振荡现象,自1990年代中期开始的低涡生成频数的减少态势在1998年前后发生了突变。夏季高原低涡生成频数与同期高原地面感热呈高度正相关,与地面潜热呈一定程度的负相关,但与同期地面热源仍呈较显著的正相关。因此,在气候尺度上,高原地面热源偏强特别是地面感热偏强的时期,对应高原低涡的多发期。本研究从气候统计的时间相关性角度揭示了高原地面加热作用对催生高原低涡乃至高原对流活动的重要性。
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40876010)Key Direction in Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-Q03-08)+2 种基金Research and Development Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (Meteorology) (No. GYHY200806010)LASG State Key Laboratory Special Fund, Foundation of E-Institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No.E03004)Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Fujian Province (No.JA10288)
文摘A coupled system of the interdecadal sea-air oscillator model is studied. The E1 Nifio-southem oscillation （ENSO） atmospheric physics oscillation is an abnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillator model is involved with the variations of both the eastern and western Pacific anomaly pat- terns. This paper proposes an ENSO atmospheric physics model using a method of the perturbation theory. The aim is to create an asymptotic solving method for the ENSO model. Employing the perturbed method, the asymptotic solution of corresponding problem is obtained, and the asymptotic behaviour of the solution is studied. Thus we can obtain the prognoses of the sea surface temperature anomaly and related physical quantities.
基金supported by the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesa fund for the President's Prize of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421405)
文摘Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes during the last several decades. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in the hot extremes over China have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigate the role of land-atmosphere coupling for hot days and heat waves during summer over China using two long-term Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with and without interactive soil moisture. Results indicate that land-atmosphere coupling mainly amplifies hot extremes over China. In particular, significant amplifying effects appear over most of eastern and southwestern China. Over these areas, land-atmosphere coupling generally accounts for 30%-70% of the numbers of hot days and heat waves. This study highlights the critical importance of land-atmosphere interactions for the occurrence of hot extremes over China.
基金supported by the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean 201105018the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41106023
文摘The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere.
基金supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(Grants 2010CB950303 and 2009DFA21000)part of the project Monsoon Onset Monitoring and its Social and Ecosystem Impacts (MOMSEI)under the Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-WESTPAC)
文摘In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were collected and used to perform a composite analysis of the monsoon onset process in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).The sea surface temperature(SST) in the central BoB increases dramatically during the monsoon transition period and reaches its annual maximum just before the onset of the monsoon.This process is illustrated by the northward-propagating deep convection phase of the intraseasonal oscillation and the establishment of a steady southwest wind.It is argued that the SST peak plays a potential role in triggering the onset of the monsoon in the BoB and its vicinity.The general picture of the BoB monsoon onset summarized here reveals the possibility of regional land-ocean-atmosphere interaction.This possibility deserves further examination.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (90711003, 40633018)
文摘Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.
基金supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund(B-0903)of the Ministry of the Environment,Japan,the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Japan through Grant-in-Aid No.24221001985 Project of National Key Universities,Tianjin University,China
文摘In order to understand the relative importance of anthropogenic and biological sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Northeast Asia,we measured total carbon(TC)and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)and their stable carbon isotope ratios(d^(13)C)in total suspended particulates collected from Sapporo,northern Japan(43.07°N,141.36°E)over a 1-year period(during 2 September 2009and 5 October 2010).Temporal variations of TC showed a gradual decrease from mid-autumn to winter followed by a gradual increase to growing season with a peak in early summer.Both d^(13)C_(TC)and d^(13)C_(WSOC)showed very similar temporal trends with a gradual enrichment of^(13)C from mid-autumn to winter followed by a depletion in the^(13)C to early summer and thereafter it remained stable,except for few cases.Based on the results obtained together with the air mass trajectories,we found that biogenic emissions including biological particles(e.g.,pollen)and secondary organic aerosol formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds are the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols in spring/summer whereas fungal spores from soil and biomass burning and enhanced fossil fuel combustion contribute significantly in autumn/winter and in winter,respectively,in Northeast Asia.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05110102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41075062)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB951001)
文摘To improve current understanding of the water cycle,energy partitioning and CO2 exchange over hilly zone vegetative land surfaces in the subtropical monsoon environment of southern China,a long-term field experiment observatory was set up at Ningxiang,eastern Hunan Province.This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the field observations at the observatory collected from August to November 2012.Results show that significant diurnal variations in soil temperature occur only in shallow soil layers(0.05,0.10,and 0.20 m),and that heavy rainfall affects soil moisture in the deep layers(≥ 0.40 m).During the experimental period,significant diurnal variations in albedo,radiation components,energy components,and CO2 flux were observed,but little seasonal variation.Strong photosynthesis in the vegetation canopy enhanced the CO2 absorption and the latent heat released in daylight hours;Latent heat of evaporation was the main consumer of available energy in late summer.Because the field experiment data are demonstrably reliable,the observatory will provide reliable long-term measurements for future investigations of the land-atmosphere interaction over hilly land surfaces in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China.
文摘应美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校（University of California，Davis）土地、大气和水资源系（Department of Land，Air and Water Resources）的邀请，中国气象科学研究院（以下简称“气科院”）马建中研究员于2018年6月20日至8月1日赴美国对该校进行短期访问。此次访问的目的是就大气环流模式模拟的地表能量收支与卫星资料对比分析问题进行科研和学术交流，并进一步建立在大气化学-气溶胶-辐射-天气相互作用研究方面的合作关系。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB952002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41475063+1 种基金41005047)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,and the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change
文摘Uncertainties in some key parameters in land surface models severely restrict the improvement of model capacity for successful simulation of surface-atmosphere interaction. These key parameters are related to soil moisture and heat transfer and phy- sical processes in the vegetation canopy as well as other important aerodynamic processes. In the present study, measurements of surface-atmosphere interaction at two observation stations that are located in the typical semi-arid region of China, Tongyu Station in Jilin Province and Yuzhong Station in Gansu Province, are combined with the planetary boundary layer theory to estimate the value of two key aerodynamic parameters, i.e., surface roughness length zorn and excess resistance κB-1. Multiple parameterization schemes have been used in the study to obtain values for surface roughness length and excess resistance κB-1 at the two stations. Results indicate that Zorn has distinct seasonal and inter-annual variability. For the type of surface with low-height vegetation, there is a large difference between the default value of Zorn in the land surface model and that obtained from this study, κB-1 demonstrates a significant diurnal variation and seasonal variability. Using the modified scheme for the estimation of Zom and κB-1 in the land surface model, it is found that simulations of sensible heat flux over the semi-arid region have been greatly improved. These results suggest that it is necessary to further evaluate the default values of various parameters used in land surface models based on field measurements. The approach to combine field measurements with atmospheric boundary layer theory to retrieve realistic values for key parameters in land surface models presents a great potential in the improvement of modeling studies of surface-atmosphere interaction.
