The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being...The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators： delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator＇s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved展开更多
1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin＇s theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanis...1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin＇s theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanisms and function in evolution. While Darwin perhaps concentrated most of his attention regarding animal coloration on his theory of sexual selection （Darwin, 1871）, his contem- poraries placed much greater emphasis and time to explain the variety of ways that coloration and behaviour protected animals from attack from predators.展开更多
The research progress in the defense strategies of aquatic bacteria to protozoa was reviewed in this paper. Aquatic bacteria can reduce or avoid grazing mortality from protozoa through changing size or shape,reducing ...The research progress in the defense strategies of aquatic bacteria to protozoa was reviewed in this paper. Aquatic bacteria can reduce or avoid grazing mortality from protozoa through changing size or shape,reducing cell surface hydrophobicity,reducing mobility or searching refuges. It is the main trends of the field in the future to study the coevolution mode of aquatic bacteria and protozoa. Ref展开更多
本文研究了一类具有反捕食行为的修正Leslie-Gower捕食者食饵模型,研究了加入反捕食行为对 模型动力学性态的影响,在新的常微分方程模型中,首先讨论了平衡点的存在性和稳定性,井以 b 作为分支参数讨论了Hopf分支的存在性和Hopf分支的方...本文研究了一类具有反捕食行为的修正Leslie-Gower捕食者食饵模型,研究了加入反捕食行为对 模型动力学性态的影响,在新的常微分方程模型中,首先讨论了平衡点的存在性和稳定性,井以 b 作为分支参数讨论了Hopf分支的存在性和Hopf分支的方向和分支周期解的稳定性。 最后讨论了 跨临界分支。 研究表明反捕食行为可以有利于物种的共存平衡。展开更多
文摘The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators： delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator＇s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved
文摘1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin＇s theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanisms and function in evolution. While Darwin perhaps concentrated most of his attention regarding animal coloration on his theory of sexual selection （Darwin, 1871）, his contem- poraries placed much greater emphasis and time to explain the variety of ways that coloration and behaviour protected animals from attack from predators.
文摘The research progress in the defense strategies of aquatic bacteria to protozoa was reviewed in this paper. Aquatic bacteria can reduce or avoid grazing mortality from protozoa through changing size or shape,reducing cell surface hydrophobicity,reducing mobility or searching refuges. It is the main trends of the field in the future to study the coevolution mode of aquatic bacteria and protozoa. Ref
