Morphine also produces unexpected,paradoxical pain in the clinical utility for the treatment of many types of pain in addition to analgesia.Long-term morphine use is associated with tolerance,which has been recognized...Morphine also produces unexpected,paradoxical pain in the clinical utility for the treatment of many types of pain in addition to analgesia.Long-term morphine use is associated with tolerance,which has been recognized for long time.Recently,it has become increasingly clear that morphine-induced tolerance is accompanied with enhanced pain sensitivity,and they have some same mechanisms.This article elucidates the potential mechanisms for morphine-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia,for example,excitatory opioid receptor,NMDA receptor,anti-opioid eptids,descending facilitation system,and neuroimmune system,which maybe provide some new methods in clinical utility of morphine.展开更多
文摘Morphine also produces unexpected,paradoxical pain in the clinical utility for the treatment of many types of pain in addition to analgesia.Long-term morphine use is associated with tolerance,which has been recognized for long time.Recently,it has become increasingly clear that morphine-induced tolerance is accompanied with enhanced pain sensitivity,and they have some same mechanisms.This article elucidates the potential mechanisms for morphine-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia,for example,excitatory opioid receptor,NMDA receptor,anti-opioid eptids,descending facilitation system,and neuroimmune system,which maybe provide some new methods in clinical utility of morphine.
