Objective To develop a nationally acceptable blood pressure(BP)reference standards for the diagnosis and evaluation of hypertension in children and adolescents in China.Methods The current study was based on the data ...Objective To develop a nationally acceptable blood pressure(BP)reference standards for the diagnosis and evaluation of hypertension in children and adolescents in China.Methods The current study was based on the data from eleven large-scale cross-sectional BP surveys in China's Mainland since 2001,the survey sites were representative of national geographical distribution including four municipalities(Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Chongqing)and seven provinces(Hunan,Liaoning,Hebei,Zhejiang,Guangxi,Xinqiang and Guangdong).The surveys which met the following selection criteria were involved to form the reference population sample and pooled database:1)Subjects were Han nationality and their ages were from 3 to 18 years old;2)BP levels were measured by auscultation using standard sphygmomanometer and recorded as Korotkoff phase 1(SBP),Korotkoff phase 4(DBP-K4)and/or Korotkoff phase 5(DBP-K5);3)All surveyors were trained before investigations and standard quality control was implemented throughout the BP measuring process;4)Basic variables,except BPs,were at least included but not limited to age,sex,nationality,height and weight.Totally 112 227 subjects(56 912 males accounting for 50.7%)were enrolled in the reference population sample in this study.SPSS 13.0 software was used to do the descriptive statistical analysis.Centile curves for SBP,DBP-K4 and DBP-K5 were drawn by sex using LMS method.Z scores of Height and BMI were calculated based on the data from the Chinese National Survey on Constitution and Health(CNSCH)in schoolchildren in 2005 to evaluate the nutrition status and development level of the reference population.Results The reference population had an optimal representation of Chinese Han children and adolescents.The resulting curves provided specific cut off points based on age and sex for the diagnosis of high normal BP,hypertension and severe hypertension,respectively.Given the best approach for blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents remained controversial,especially on the choice of K4 or K5展开更多
“能力本位的教育与培训(Competency based education and training——CBET)”,是当前世界职教课程改革的方向;目前在英国和澳大利亚所进行的职教改革,基本上代表了这样一种趋势.英国80年代以来的课程改革,在义务教育阶段(5—16岁)推...“能力本位的教育与培训(Competency based education and training——CBET)”,是当前世界职教课程改革的方向;目前在英国和澳大利亚所进行的职教改革,基本上代表了这样一种趋势.英国80年代以来的课程改革,在义务教育阶段(5—16岁)推出了“国家课程”与“国家考试”,重在普教;而在中学后阶段(16—19岁),也就是继续教育阶段,则把课程改革的重点放在职业教育与培训,先后推出了“国家职业资格”与“普通国家职业资格”两类证书课程;这两类资格的课程与评定,都体现了CBET的特征.本文试图从“CBET在英国的发展”、“英国的CBET体系”、“英国CBET的特征”以及“当前,CBET研究开发中的问题”这四个方面系统介绍“展开更多
文摘Objective To develop a nationally acceptable blood pressure(BP)reference standards for the diagnosis and evaluation of hypertension in children and adolescents in China.Methods The current study was based on the data from eleven large-scale cross-sectional BP surveys in China's Mainland since 2001,the survey sites were representative of national geographical distribution including four municipalities(Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Chongqing)and seven provinces(Hunan,Liaoning,Hebei,Zhejiang,Guangxi,Xinqiang and Guangdong).The surveys which met the following selection criteria were involved to form the reference population sample and pooled database:1)Subjects were Han nationality and their ages were from 3 to 18 years old;2)BP levels were measured by auscultation using standard sphygmomanometer and recorded as Korotkoff phase 1(SBP),Korotkoff phase 4(DBP-K4)and/or Korotkoff phase 5(DBP-K5);3)All surveyors were trained before investigations and standard quality control was implemented throughout the BP measuring process;4)Basic variables,except BPs,were at least included but not limited to age,sex,nationality,height and weight.Totally 112 227 subjects(56 912 males accounting for 50.7%)were enrolled in the reference population sample in this study.SPSS 13.0 software was used to do the descriptive statistical analysis.Centile curves for SBP,DBP-K4 and DBP-K5 were drawn by sex using LMS method.Z scores of Height and BMI were calculated based on the data from the Chinese National Survey on Constitution and Health(CNSCH)in schoolchildren in 2005 to evaluate the nutrition status and development level of the reference population.Results The reference population had an optimal representation of Chinese Han children and adolescents.The resulting curves provided specific cut off points based on age and sex for the diagnosis of high normal BP,hypertension and severe hypertension,respectively.Given the best approach for blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents remained controversial,especially on the choice of K4 or K5
文摘“能力本位的教育与培训(Competency based education and training——CBET)”,是当前世界职教课程改革的方向;目前在英国和澳大利亚所进行的职教改革,基本上代表了这样一种趋势.英国80年代以来的课程改革,在义务教育阶段(5—16岁)推出了“国家课程”与“国家考试”,重在普教;而在中学后阶段(16—19岁),也就是继续教育阶段,则把课程改革的重点放在职业教育与培训,先后推出了“国家职业资格”与“普通国家职业资格”两类证书课程;这两类资格的课程与评定,都体现了CBET的特征.本文试图从“CBET在英国的发展”、“英国的CBET体系”、“英国CBET的特征”以及“当前,CBET研究开发中的问题”这四个方面系统介绍“
