Among all head and neck (H&N) cancers,nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents a distinct entity regarding epidemiology,clinical presentation,biological markers,carcinogenic risk factors,and prognostic factors.NP...Among all head and neck (H&N) cancers,nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents a distinct entity regarding epidemiology,clinical presentation,biological markers,carcinogenic risk factors,and prognostic factors.NPC is endemic in certain regions of the world,especially in Southeast Asia,and has a poor prognosis.In Indonesia,the recorded mean prevalence is 6.2/100 000,with 13 000 yearly new NPC cases,but otherwise little is documented on NPC in Indonesia.Here,we report on a group of 1121 NPC patients diagnosed and treated at Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Jakarta,Indonesia between 1996 and 2005.We studied NPC incidence among all H&N cancer cases (n=6000) observed in that period,focusing on age and gender distribution,the ethnic background of patients,and the disease etiology.We also analyzed most prevalent signs and symptoms and staging of NPC patients at first presentation.In this study population,NPC was the most frequent H&N cancer (28.4%),with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4,and was endemic in the Javanese population.Interestingly,NPC appeared to affect patients at a relatively young age (20% juvenile cases) without a bimodal age distribution.Mostly,NPC initiated in the fossa of Rosenmuller and spreaded intracranially or locally as a mass in the head.Occasionally,NPC developed at the submucosal level spreading outside the anatomic limits of the nasopharynx.At presentation,NPC associated with hearing problems,serous otitis media,tinnitus,nasal obstruction,anosmia,bleeding,difficulty in swallowing and dysphonia,and even eye symptoms with diplopia and pain.The initial diagnosis is difficult to make because early signs and symptoms of NPC are not specific to the disease.Early-age Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection combined with frequent exposure to environmental carcinogenic co-factors is suggested to cause NPC development.Undifferentiated NPC is the most frequent histological type and is closely associated with EBV.Expression of the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1(LMP1) oncogene in biopsy material was compared展开更多
基金supported by KWF-Kankerbestrijding(Netherlands Cancer Societygrant KWF IN2006-21)a hospital grant for the collaboration between Medical Faculty of University of Indonesia and Vrije University Medical Center,supporting the PhD programme of the author(MA)
文摘Among all head and neck (H&N) cancers,nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents a distinct entity regarding epidemiology,clinical presentation,biological markers,carcinogenic risk factors,and prognostic factors.NPC is endemic in certain regions of the world,especially in Southeast Asia,and has a poor prognosis.In Indonesia,the recorded mean prevalence is 6.2/100 000,with 13 000 yearly new NPC cases,but otherwise little is documented on NPC in Indonesia.Here,we report on a group of 1121 NPC patients diagnosed and treated at Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Jakarta,Indonesia between 1996 and 2005.We studied NPC incidence among all H&N cancer cases (n=6000) observed in that period,focusing on age and gender distribution,the ethnic background of patients,and the disease etiology.We also analyzed most prevalent signs and symptoms and staging of NPC patients at first presentation.In this study population,NPC was the most frequent H&N cancer (28.4%),with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4,and was endemic in the Javanese population.Interestingly,NPC appeared to affect patients at a relatively young age (20% juvenile cases) without a bimodal age distribution.Mostly,NPC initiated in the fossa of Rosenmuller and spreaded intracranially or locally as a mass in the head.Occasionally,NPC developed at the submucosal level spreading outside the anatomic limits of the nasopharynx.At presentation,NPC associated with hearing problems,serous otitis media,tinnitus,nasal obstruction,anosmia,bleeding,difficulty in swallowing and dysphonia,and even eye symptoms with diplopia and pain.The initial diagnosis is difficult to make because early signs and symptoms of NPC are not specific to the disease.Early-age Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection combined with frequent exposure to environmental carcinogenic co-factors is suggested to cause NPC development.Undifferentiated NPC is the most frequent histological type and is closely associated with EBV.Expression of the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1(LMP1) oncogene in biopsy material was compared
