Background: The effect of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea as a cardiovascular risk factor and the potential protective effect of its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is unclear. We did an o...Background: The effect of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea as a cardiovascular risk factor and the potential protective effect of its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is unclear. We did an observational study to compare incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in simple snorers, patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea, patients treated with CPAP, and healthy men recruited from the general population. Methods: We recruited men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea or simple snorers from a sleep clinic, and a population-based sample of healthy men, matched for age and body-mass index with the patients with untreated severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea. The presence and severity of the disorder was determined with full polysomnography, and the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was calculated as the average number of apnoeas and hypopnoeas per hour of sleep. Participants were followed-up at least once per year for a mean of 10.1 years (SD 1.6) and CPAP compliance was checked with the built-in meter. Endpoints were fatal cardiovascular events (death from myocardial infarction or stroke) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, coronary artery bypass surgery, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography). Findings: 264 healthy men, 377 simple snorers, 403 with untreated mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea, 235 with untreated severe disease, and 372 with the disease and treated with CPAP were included in the analysis. Patients with untreated severe disease had a higher incidence of fatal cardiovascular events (1.06 per 100 person-years) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (2.13 per 100 person-years) than did untreated patients with mild-moderate disease (0.55, p=0.02 and 0.89, p < 0.0001), simple snorers (0.34, p=0.0006 and 0.58, p < 0.0001), patients treated with CPAP (0.35, p=0.0008 and 0.64, p < 0.0001), and healthy participants (0.3, p=0.0012 and 0.45, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis, a展开更多
18世纪以来许多医学家开始尝试应用电刺激技术治疗疾病~[1],尤其是21世纪,电生理技术的迅速发展进步促进了经颅直流电刺激技术（transcranial direct current stimulati,tD CS）的发展,到目前为止,已经取得了不少有益成果。本文将从tD C...18世纪以来许多医学家开始尝试应用电刺激技术治疗疾病~[1],尤其是21世纪,电生理技术的迅速发展进步促进了经颅直流电刺激技术（transcranial direct current stimulati,tD CS）的发展,到目前为止,已经取得了不少有益成果。本文将从tD CS的作用机制、技术方法和临床研究等方面进行阐述。展开更多
文摘Background: The effect of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea as a cardiovascular risk factor and the potential protective effect of its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is unclear. We did an observational study to compare incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in simple snorers, patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea, patients treated with CPAP, and healthy men recruited from the general population. Methods: We recruited men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea or simple snorers from a sleep clinic, and a population-based sample of healthy men, matched for age and body-mass index with the patients with untreated severe obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea. The presence and severity of the disorder was determined with full polysomnography, and the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was calculated as the average number of apnoeas and hypopnoeas per hour of sleep. Participants were followed-up at least once per year for a mean of 10.1 years (SD 1.6) and CPAP compliance was checked with the built-in meter. Endpoints were fatal cardiovascular events (death from myocardial infarction or stroke) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, coronary artery bypass surgery, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography). Findings: 264 healthy men, 377 simple snorers, 403 with untreated mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea, 235 with untreated severe disease, and 372 with the disease and treated with CPAP were included in the analysis. Patients with untreated severe disease had a higher incidence of fatal cardiovascular events (1.06 per 100 person-years) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (2.13 per 100 person-years) than did untreated patients with mild-moderate disease (0.55, p=0.02 and 0.89, p < 0.0001), simple snorers (0.34, p=0.0006 and 0.58, p < 0.0001), patients treated with CPAP (0.35, p=0.0008 and 0.64, p < 0.0001), and healthy participants (0.3, p=0.0012 and 0.45, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis, a
文摘18世纪以来许多医学家开始尝试应用电刺激技术治疗疾病~[1],尤其是21世纪,电生理技术的迅速发展进步促进了经颅直流电刺激技术（transcranial direct current stimulati,tD CS）的发展,到目前为止,已经取得了不少有益成果。本文将从tD CS的作用机制、技术方法和临床研究等方面进行阐述。
