Questions like the appearance and uses of gold and silver, the mining of gold and silver,the evolution and development of the production of gold and silver objects, and the disappearance of large amount of gold during...Questions like the appearance and uses of gold and silver, the mining of gold and silver,the evolution and development of the production of gold and silver objects, and the disappearance of large amount of gold during the Western Han dynasty, etc., cannot be satisfactorily answered by the historical records. This paper is an effort to answer the above questions with archaeological findings of the last one century.展开更多
The differentiation between the sexes isthe basic differentiation of human beings. Therelationship between the sexes .is the basic needof human beings. and the gender concept reflecting this relationship is the origin...The differentiation between the sexes isthe basic differentiation of human beings. Therelationship between the sexes .is the basic needof human beings. and the gender concept reflecting this relationship is the origin of social system,interpersonal relationship culture and customs.This article discusses mainly the evolution ofthe traditional Chinese gender concept And tsinfluence on women’s basic viewpoints andunderstanding. According to the author, Deepening the understanding of the traditional genderconcept and reshaping its influence selectivelywill help promote the cause of Chinese womenand enable them to become a still more distinctive member of the international women’s community.展开更多
The ancestral shrines were built by the ancient emperors and dukes to be used as special places to offer sacrifices to their ancestors . Based on some historical documents and archaeological materials ,the writers att...The ancestral shrines were built by the ancient emperors and dukes to be used as special places to offer sacrifices to their ancestors . Based on some historical documents and archaeological materials ,the writers attempts to offer discussions on categories of the Westem Han ancestral shrines and its division of time. .Di( emperor) shrines:built for the emperors. 1.Jing( capital) shrines:built in the capital city Chang’an and within the city limit. 2 .Yuan (原 ) shrines:bulit another shrine for the emperor who had a main shrine in the capital. 3. Ling ( mausoleum) shrine:builtclose to the tombs of the shrine owners. 4.Jun( prefecture) ,Guo( state of duke) shrines:shrines built by Jun or Cuo for emperors. .Huang shrines huang here refers to the title assumed by an emperors father when their sons became emperors in the reign including Taishanghuang- father of Emperor Gaozu,Liu Jin - father of Emperor Xuandi,and L iu Kang- father of Emperor Aidi.Its Sub- categoriy is as above .Hou ( empress and imperial concubines) shrinesThese shrines were built for the empresses and concubines who were not buried togetherwith the emperorThe three stages of establishing and abandoning the Western Han ancestral shrines:The first stage covers the period of Emperor Gaozu ,Emperor Huidi,and EmperorShaodi. The characteristics of the shrines during this stage are revealed to be the successorsbuilding the shrines for their ancestors- the Huang and emperor.Stage two includes the times of Emperor Wendi,Jingdi,Wudi,Zhaodi,and Xuandi withthe characteristics of the emperors building their own shrines while still alive.The last stage falls after the times of Emperor Yuandi and Chengdi. The characteristicsshowed the beginning of the Western Han to stangdardize the systems of running ancestralshrines by observing Confucianism. However,the practice experienced constant prevailing andabandoning until Wangmang’s uprising which overtherew the Westem Han Dynasty.Summery of the discussion:1. The Western Han ancestral shrines were mostly built near展开更多
文摘Questions like the appearance and uses of gold and silver, the mining of gold and silver,the evolution and development of the production of gold and silver objects, and the disappearance of large amount of gold during the Western Han dynasty, etc., cannot be satisfactorily answered by the historical records. This paper is an effort to answer the above questions with archaeological findings of the last one century.
文摘The differentiation between the sexes isthe basic differentiation of human beings. Therelationship between the sexes .is the basic needof human beings. and the gender concept reflecting this relationship is the origin of social system,interpersonal relationship culture and customs.This article discusses mainly the evolution ofthe traditional Chinese gender concept And tsinfluence on women’s basic viewpoints andunderstanding. According to the author, Deepening the understanding of the traditional genderconcept and reshaping its influence selectivelywill help promote the cause of Chinese womenand enable them to become a still more distinctive member of the international women’s community.
文摘The ancestral shrines were built by the ancient emperors and dukes to be used as special places to offer sacrifices to their ancestors . Based on some historical documents and archaeological materials ,the writers attempts to offer discussions on categories of the Westem Han ancestral shrines and its division of time. .Di( emperor) shrines:built for the emperors. 1.Jing( capital) shrines:built in the capital city Chang’an and within the city limit. 2 .Yuan (原 ) shrines:bulit another shrine for the emperor who had a main shrine in the capital. 3. Ling ( mausoleum) shrine:builtclose to the tombs of the shrine owners. 4.Jun( prefecture) ,Guo( state of duke) shrines:shrines built by Jun or Cuo for emperors. .Huang shrines huang here refers to the title assumed by an emperors father when their sons became emperors in the reign including Taishanghuang- father of Emperor Gaozu,Liu Jin - father of Emperor Xuandi,and L iu Kang- father of Emperor Aidi.Its Sub- categoriy is as above .Hou ( empress and imperial concubines) shrinesThese shrines were built for the empresses and concubines who were not buried togetherwith the emperorThe three stages of establishing and abandoning the Western Han ancestral shrines:The first stage covers the period of Emperor Gaozu ,Emperor Huidi,and EmperorShaodi. The characteristics of the shrines during this stage are revealed to be the successorsbuilding the shrines for their ancestors- the Huang and emperor.Stage two includes the times of Emperor Wendi,Jingdi,Wudi,Zhaodi,and Xuandi withthe characteristics of the emperors building their own shrines while still alive.The last stage falls after the times of Emperor Yuandi and Chengdi. The characteristicsshowed the beginning of the Western Han to stangdardize the systems of running ancestralshrines by observing Confucianism. However,the practice experienced constant prevailing andabandoning until Wangmang’s uprising which overtherew the Westem Han Dynasty.Summery of the discussion:1. The Western Han ancestral shrines were mostly built near
