An innovative green process of producing ε-caprolactam was proposed by integrating ammoximation and Beckmann rearrangement effectively. As a first part of the new process, TS-1 molecular sieve-catalyzed synthesis of ...An innovative green process of producing ε-caprolactam was proposed by integrating ammoximation and Beckmann rearrangement effectively. As a first part of the new process, TS-1 molecular sieve-catalyzed synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime from cyclohexanone, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide was carried out in a batch plant. Cyclohexane was used as the solvent in the three-phase reaction system. The influences of essential process parameters on ammoximation were investigated. Under the reaction conditions as catalyst content of 2.5% (by mass); H 2 O 2 /yclohexanone molar ratio of 1.10; NH 3 /cyclohexanone molar ratio of 2.20; reaction temperature of 343 K; reaction time of 5 h, high conversion of cyclohexanone and selectivity to oxime (both>99%) were obtained. Thus, the three-phase ammoximation process showed equal catalytic activity as TS-1 but much more convenient and simpler for the separation of catalyst in comparison to the industrial two-phase system with t-butanol used as solvent.展开更多
滞环电流控制（hysteresis current control,HCC）是一种传统的电流控制方法,其实现简单、鲁棒性好、动态响应快。但当应用到三相系统时,由于三相间的耦合,会存在电流谐波大、开关频率过高等缺点。该文首先回顾了近年来为解决传统滞环...滞环电流控制（hysteresis current control,HCC）是一种传统的电流控制方法,其实现简单、鲁棒性好、动态响应快。但当应用到三相系统时,由于三相间的耦合,会存在电流谐波大、开关频率过高等缺点。该文首先回顾了近年来为解决传统滞环控制自身问题而提出的一种改进的基于空间矢量的滞环电流控制（improved space vector-based HCC,ISV-HCC）方法的优缺点,然后提出了一种新型的基于电压空间矢量的类正弦滞环电流控制方法。该方法参考了空间矢量脉宽调制（space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM）调制中的电压矢量概念,根据系统参数给定上下两滞环带,且当三相电流误差均在规定的滞环内时,采用零电压矢量开关模式,而当电流误差超出规定的滞环带时,则按照指定的逻辑对三相开关进行控制。最后,通过与传统HCC及ISV-HCC进行并网仿真与实验对比,证明该文所提出的方法具有更低的电流谐波及更小的开关频率,整体上具有更优的控制性能。展开更多
There are three well known types of wire lines for transmitting electrical energy or information. The first type is ordinary two wires line （below A-Line）. The second type is so-called single-wire line, where ground...There are three well known types of wire lines for transmitting electrical energy or information. The first type is ordinary two wires line （below A-Line）. The second type is so-called single-wire line, where ground plays the role instead of second wire. Polyphase systems belong to the third type, three phase system is the most popular among them. The purpose of this article is another attempt to build a one-wired （without ground） system--the transmission of electrical energy. In this paper an original idea of building such a system is justified, the results of simulations and laboratory modeling are presented. It is shown that the proposed method can reduce the cost of electric transmission lines, the losses in them and significantly reduce interferences.展开更多
A special experiment setup was designed to observe the interaction between bubbles and particle in flotation cell and to analyze the bubble characteristics such as bubble size, distribution and bubble-loading efficien...A special experiment setup was designed to observe the interaction between bubbles and particle in flotation cell and to analyze the bubble characteristics such as bubble size, distribution and bubble-loading efficiency. Bubbles in water-gas system and three-phase system were measured. The results indicate that with the current setup the bubbles as small as 10 μm can be easily distinguished. The average size of the bubbles generated under the given conditions in two-phase system is 410 μm at frother concentration of 0.004%, which is in good correspondence with the results of other works. The effect of frother on bubble size was probed. Increasing frother concentration from 0 to 0.004% causes a reduction of bubble size from 700 to 400 μm. The bubble loading efficiency was reported. The result indicates that the fine particle is more easily entrapped than the coarse particle. Some factors, which have effect on measurement accuracy were discussed. The aeration speed has a significant effect on the accuracy of results, if it surpasses 30 mL/s, and the image becomes unclear due to the entrapment of fine particle. Another factor, which can affect observing results, is the sampling position. At a wrong sampling position, the images become unclear.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Sinopec (20736009)
文摘An innovative green process of producing ε-caprolactam was proposed by integrating ammoximation and Beckmann rearrangement effectively. As a first part of the new process, TS-1 molecular sieve-catalyzed synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime from cyclohexanone, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide was carried out in a batch plant. Cyclohexane was used as the solvent in the three-phase reaction system. The influences of essential process parameters on ammoximation were investigated. Under the reaction conditions as catalyst content of 2.5% (by mass); H 2 O 2 /yclohexanone molar ratio of 1.10; NH 3 /cyclohexanone molar ratio of 2.20; reaction temperature of 343 K; reaction time of 5 h, high conversion of cyclohexanone and selectivity to oxime (both>99%) were obtained. Thus, the three-phase ammoximation process showed equal catalytic activity as TS-1 but much more convenient and simpler for the separation of catalyst in comparison to the industrial two-phase system with t-butanol used as solvent.
文摘滞环电流控制（hysteresis current control,HCC）是一种传统的电流控制方法,其实现简单、鲁棒性好、动态响应快。但当应用到三相系统时,由于三相间的耦合,会存在电流谐波大、开关频率过高等缺点。该文首先回顾了近年来为解决传统滞环控制自身问题而提出的一种改进的基于空间矢量的滞环电流控制（improved space vector-based HCC,ISV-HCC）方法的优缺点,然后提出了一种新型的基于电压空间矢量的类正弦滞环电流控制方法。该方法参考了空间矢量脉宽调制（space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM）调制中的电压矢量概念,根据系统参数给定上下两滞环带,且当三相电流误差均在规定的滞环内时,采用零电压矢量开关模式,而当电流误差超出规定的滞环带时,则按照指定的逻辑对三相开关进行控制。最后,通过与传统HCC及ISV-HCC进行并网仿真与实验对比,证明该文所提出的方法具有更低的电流谐波及更小的开关频率,整体上具有更优的控制性能。
文摘There are three well known types of wire lines for transmitting electrical energy or information. The first type is ordinary two wires line （below A-Line）. The second type is so-called single-wire line, where ground plays the role instead of second wire. Polyphase systems belong to the third type, three phase system is the most popular among them. The purpose of this article is another attempt to build a one-wired （without ground） system--the transmission of electrical energy. In this paper an original idea of building such a system is justified, the results of simulations and laboratory modeling are presented. It is shown that the proposed method can reduce the cost of electric transmission lines, the losses in them and significantly reduce interferences.
文摘A special experiment setup was designed to observe the interaction between bubbles and particle in flotation cell and to analyze the bubble characteristics such as bubble size, distribution and bubble-loading efficiency. Bubbles in water-gas system and three-phase system were measured. The results indicate that with the current setup the bubbles as small as 10 μm can be easily distinguished. The average size of the bubbles generated under the given conditions in two-phase system is 410 μm at frother concentration of 0.004%, which is in good correspondence with the results of other works. The effect of frother on bubble size was probed. Increasing frother concentration from 0 to 0.004% causes a reduction of bubble size from 700 to 400 μm. The bubble loading efficiency was reported. The result indicates that the fine particle is more easily entrapped than the coarse particle. Some factors, which have effect on measurement accuracy were discussed. The aeration speed has a significant effect on the accuracy of results, if it surpasses 30 mL/s, and the image becomes unclear due to the entrapment of fine particle. Another factor, which can affect observing results, is the sampling position. At a wrong sampling position, the images become unclear.
