WRKY transcription factors have many regulatory roles we isolated a rice WRKY gene （OsWRKY31） that is induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea an...WRKY transcription factors have many regulatory roles we isolated a rice WRKY gene （OsWRKY31） that is induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and auxin. This gene encodes a polypeptide of 211 amino-acid residues and belongs to a subgroup of the rice WRKY gene family that probably originated after the divergence of monocot and dicot plants. OsWRKY31 was found to be localized to the nucleus of onion epidermis cells to transiently express OsWRKY31-eGFP fusion protein. Analysis of OsWRKY31 and its mutants fused with a Gal4 DNA-binding domain indicated that OsWRKY31 has transactivation activity in yeast. Overexpression of the OsWRKY31 gene was found to enhance resistance against infection with M. grisea, and the transgenic lines exhibited reduced lateral root formation and elongation compared with wild-type and RNAi plants. The lines with overexpression showed constitutive expression of many defense-related genes, such as PBZI and OsSci2, as well as early auxin-response genes, such as OslAA4 and OsCrll genes. Furthermore, the plants with overexpression were less sensitive to exogenously supplied IBA, NAA and 2,4-1） at high concentrations, suggesting that overexpression of the OsWRKY31 gene might alter the auxin response or transport. These results also suggest that OsWRKY31 might be a common component in the signal transduction pathways of the auxin response and the defense response in rice.展开更多
Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA ...Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA family genes, OslAA 11 （LOC_Os03g43400）, was isolated from a rice mutant defective in lateral root development. The gain-of-function mutation in OslAAll strictly blocks the initiation of lateral root primordia, but it does not affect crown root development. The expression of OslAAll is defined in root tips, lateral root caps, steles, and lateral root primordia. The auxin reporter DR5-GUS （^-glucuronidase） was expressed at lower levels in the mutant than in wild-type, indicating that OslAAll is involved in auxin signaling in root caps. The transcript abundance of both OsPINlb and OsPIN10a was diminished in root tips of the Osiaa 11 mutant. Taken together, the results indicate that the gain-of-function mutation in OslAA 11 caused the inhibition of lateral root development in rice.展开更多
Background Far lateral lumbar disc herniation （FLLDH） accounts for 2.6% to 11.7% of all lumbar herniated discs. Numerous surgical approaches have been described for treating this condition. The purpose of this study...Background Far lateral lumbar disc herniation （FLLDH） accounts for 2.6% to 11.7% of all lumbar herniated discs. Numerous surgical approaches have been described for treating this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate minimally invasive surgical techniques for the treatment of FLLDH. Methods From June 2000 to March 2006, 52 patients with FLLDH were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All patients were assessed by anteroposterior and lateral roentgenography and computed tomography （CT）. Some patients underwent myelography, discography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Procedures performed included Yeung Endoscopy Spine System （YESS） （n=25）, METRx MicroDiscectomy System （n=13）, and X-tube （n=14）. Patients were followed up for a mean of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a visual analog scale （VAS） and Nakai criteria. Results All 3 procedures significantly improved radiating leg symptoms （P 〈0.005）. After surgery, 84.0%, 84.6%, and 92.8% of patients in the YESS, METRx, and X-tube groups had excellent or good outcomes. There were no statistically significant differences of VAS scores between the groups. The YESS procedure was associated with the shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia, and least trauma compared with the other 2 procedures, especially for type I herniations. The METRx procedure was the most suitable for type Ⅱ herniations and posterior endoscopic facetectomy. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was the most suitable for herniations combined with degenerative lumbar instability （type Ⅲ）. Conclusion Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined with reference to the type of FLLDH.展开更多
Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem a...Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.展开更多
Mitophagy is activated by a number of stimuli, including hypoxia, energy stress, and increased oxidative phosphorylation activity. Mitophagy is associated with oxidative stress conditions and central neurodegenerative...Mitophagy is activated by a number of stimuli, including hypoxia, energy stress, and increased oxidative phosphorylation activity. Mitophagy is associated with oxidative stress conditions and central neurodegenerative diseases. Proper regulation of mitophagy is crucial for maintaining homeostasis; conversely, inadequate removal of mitochondria through mitophagy leads to the generation of oxidative species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These diseases are most prevalent in older adults whose bodies fail to maintain proper mitophagic functions to combat oxidative species. As mitophagy is essential for normal body function, by targeting mitophagic pathways we can improve these disease conditions. The search for effective remedies to treat these disease conditions is an ongoing process, which is why more studies are needed. Additionally, more relevant studies could help establish therapeutic conditions, which are currently in high demand. In this review, we discuss how mitophagy plays a significant role in homeostasis and how its dysregulation causes neurodegeneration. We also discuss how combating oxidative species and targeting mitophagy can help treat these neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
The traditional stability analysis method of geogrid reinforced slopes does not consider the effect of lateral swelling,so it is not applicable to reinforced expansive soil slopes.This paper reports a new stability an...The traditional stability analysis method of geogrid reinforced slopes does not consider the effect of lateral swelling,so it is not applicable to reinforced expansive soil slopes.This paper reports a new stability analysis method for geogrid reinforced expansive soil slopes.The additional pullout force of the free zone due to the lateral swelling and the anti-pullout safety factor of each geogrid layer were obtained by ensuring the overall stability of the reinforced slope.The optimum design was carried out to treat an expansive soil cut slope in Hubei Province,China,by changing the spacing and length of geogrid reinforcement.Calculation results show that the additional pullout force caused by lateral swelling has a great influence on the anti-pullout stability of geogrids,and the local stability of the reinforced slope will be overestimated if the swelling effect of soil in the free zone is not considered.展开更多
Using SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)markers a genetic linkage map of cucumber was constructed with a population consisting of 138 F_(2) individuals derived from a cross of the two cucumber lines,S06 and...Using SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)markers a genetic linkage map of cucumber was constructed with a population consisting of 138 F_(2) individuals derived from a cross of the two cucumber lines,S06 and S52.In the survey of parental polymorphisms with 182 primer combinations,64 polymorphism-revealing primer pairs were screened out,which generated totally 108 polymorphic bands with an average of 1.7 bands per primer pair and at most 6 bands from one primer pair.The constructed molecular linkage map included 92 loci,distributed in seven linkage groups and spanning 1164.2 cM in length with an average genetic distance of 12.6 cM between two neighboring loci.Based on this linkage map,the quantitative trait loci(QTL)for the lateral branch number(lbn)and the lateral branch average length(lbl)in cucumber were identified by QTLMapper1.6.A major QTL lbn1 located between ME11SA4B and ME5EM5 in LG2 could explain 10.63%of the total variation with its positively effecting allele from S06.A major QTL lbl1 located between DC1OD3 and DC1EM14 in LG2 could account for 10.38%of the total variation with its positively effecting allele from S_(06).展开更多
In 1988, Rudolf Pichlmayr pioneered split liver transplantation(SLT), enabling the transplantation of one donor liver into two recipients-one pediatric and one adult patient. In the same year, Henri Bismuth and collea...In 1988, Rudolf Pichlmayr pioneered split liver transplantation(SLT), enabling the transplantation of one donor liver into two recipients-one pediatric and one adult patient. In the same year, Henri Bismuth and colleagues performed the first full right/full left split procedure with two adult recipients. Both splitting techniques were rapidly adopted within the transplant community. However, a SLT is technically demanding, may cause increased perioperative complications, and may potentially transform an excellent deceased donor organ into two marginal quality grafts. Thus, crucial evaluation of donor organs suitable for splitting and careful screening of potential SLT recipients is warranted. Furthermore, the logistic background of the splitting procedure as well as the organ allocation policy must be adapted to further increase the number and the safety of SLT. Under defined circumstances, in selected patients and at experienced transplant centers, SLT outcomes can be similar to those obtained in full organ LT. Thus, SLT is an important tool to reduce the donor organ shortage and waitlist mortality, especially for pediatric patients and small adults. The present review gives an overview of technical aspects, current developments, and clinical outcomes of SLT.展开更多
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidati...Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which can induce mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alter membrane permeability, and influence Ca2＋ homeostasis and mitochondrial defense systems. All these changes are implicated in the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, mediating or amplifying neuronal dysfunction and triggering neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and discusses strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction that may be attractive therapeutic interventions for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Anal stenosis is a rare but serious complication of anorectal surgery, most commonly seen after hemorrhoidectomy. Anal stenosis represents a technical challenge in terms of surgical management. A Medline search of stu...Anal stenosis is a rare but serious complication of anorectal surgery, most commonly seen after hemorrhoidectomy. Anal stenosis represents a technical challenge in terms of surgical management. A Medline search of studies relevant to the management of anal stenosis was undertaken. The etiology, pathophysiology and classification of anal stenosis were reviewed. An overview of surgical and non-surgical therapeutic options was developed. Ninety percent of anal stenosis is caused by overzealous hemorrhoidectomy. Treatment, both medical and surgical, should be modulated based on stenosis severity. Mild stenosis can be managed conservatively with stool softeners or fiber supplements. Sphincterotomy may be quite adequate for a patient with a mild degree of narrowing. For more severe stenosis, a formal anoplasty should be performed to treat the loss of anal canal tissue. Anal stenosis may be anatomic or functional. Anal stricture is most often a preventable complication. Many techniques have been used for the treatment of anal stenosis with variable healing rates. It is extremely difficult to interpret the results of the various anoplastic procedures described in the literature as prospective trials have not been performed. However, almost any approach will at least improve patient symptoms.展开更多
Plant root system morphology is dramatically influenced by various environmental cues. The adaptation of root system architecture to environmental constraints, which mostly depends on the formation and growth of later...Plant root system morphology is dramatically influenced by various environmental cues. The adaptation of root system architecture to environmental constraints, which mostly depends on the formation and growth of lateral roots, is an important agronomic trait. Lateral root development is regulated by the external signals coordinating closely with intrinsic signaling pathways. MADS-box transcription factors are known key regulators of the transition to flowering and flower development. However, their functions in root development are still poorly understood. Here we report that AGL21, an AGL17-clade MADS-box gene, plays a crucial role in lateral root development. AGL21 was highly expressed in root, particularly in the root central cylinder and lateral root primordia. AGL21 overexpression plants produced more and longer lateral roots while ag121 mutants showed impaired lateral root development, especially under nitrogen-deficient conditions. AGL21 was induced by many plant hormones and environmental stresses, suggesting a function of this gene in root system plasticity in response to various signals. Furthermore, AGL21 was found positively regulating auxin accumulation in lateral root primordia and lateral roots by enhancing local auxin biosynthesis, thus stimulating lateral root initiation and growth. We propose that AGL21 may be involved in various environmental and physiological signals-mediated lateral root development and growth.展开更多
Brassinosteroids （BRs） are natural plant hormones critical for growth and development. BR-deficient or signaling mutants show significantly shortened root phenotypes. But for a long time, it was thought that these p...Brassinosteroids （BRs） are natural plant hormones critical for growth and development. BR-deficient or signaling mutants show significantly shortened root phenotypes. But for a long time, it was thought that these phenotypes were solely caused by reduced root cell elongation in the mutants. Functions of BRs in regulating root development have been largely neglected. Recent detailed analyses, however, revealed that BRs are not only involved in root cell elongation but are also involved in many aspects of root development, such as maintenance of meristem size, root hair formation, lateral root initiation, gravitropic response, mycorrhiza formation, and nodulation in legume species. In this review, current findings on the functions of BRs in mediating root growth, development, and symbiosis are discussed.展开更多
The Qinling orogenic belt underwent complicated processes of rifting and collision, as shown by the coexistence of 1 ocean extension and plate margin rifting and 2 subduction of the frontal oceanic crust and extension...The Qinling orogenic belt underwent complicated processes of rifting and collision, as shown by the coexistence of 1 ocean extension and plate margin rifting and 2 subduction of the frontal oceanic crust and extension of the rear plate margin. These resulted in a basin-mountain framework characterized by the coexistence of plates separated by the ocean basin and continental blocks demarcated by the rifting sea trough in the marginal region and the coexistence of subduction orogeny and ocean extension. Generally speaking, the plate marginal area between the North China plate and Yangtze plate continually rifted from north to south and the rifted micro-plates continually accreted northwards. This especial orogenic process was probably controlled by two events of deep mantle geodynamic adjustment and mantle plume activities, which occurred in the Shangdan suture belt and Mianlüe suture belt from north to south respectively.展开更多
Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are common in high-demand patient populations. If not managed appropriately, patients may experience recurrent instability, chronic pain, osteochondral lesions of the talus,...Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are common in high-demand patient populations. If not managed appropriately, patients may experience recurrent instability, chronic pain, osteochondral lesions of the talus, premature osteoarthritis, and other significantlong-term disability. Certain populations, including young athletes, military personnel and those involved in frequent running, jumping, and cutting motions, are at increased risk. Proposed risk factors include prior ankle sprain, elevated body weight or body mass index, female gender, neuromuscular deficits, postural imbalance, foot/ankle malalignment, and exposure to at-risk athletic activity. Prompt, accurate diagnosis is crucial, and evidence-based, functional rehabilitation regimens have a proven track record in returning active patients to work and sport. When patients fail to improve with physical therapy and external bracing, multiple surgical techniques have been described with reliable results, including both anatomic and nonanatomic reconstructive methods. Anatomic repair of the lateral ligamentous complex remains the gold standard for recurrent ankle instability, and it effectively restores native ankle anatomy and joint kinematics while preserving physiologic ankle and subtalar motion. Further preventative measures may minimize the risk of ankle instability in athletic cohorts, including prophylactic bracing and combined neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs. These interventions have demonstrated benefit in patients at heightened risk for lateral ankle sprain and allow active cohorts to return to full activity without adversely affecting athletic performance.展开更多
文摘WRKY transcription factors have many regulatory roles we isolated a rice WRKY gene （OsWRKY31） that is induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and auxin. This gene encodes a polypeptide of 211 amino-acid residues and belongs to a subgroup of the rice WRKY gene family that probably originated after the divergence of monocot and dicot plants. OsWRKY31 was found to be localized to the nucleus of onion epidermis cells to transiently express OsWRKY31-eGFP fusion protein. Analysis of OsWRKY31 and its mutants fused with a Gal4 DNA-binding domain indicated that OsWRKY31 has transactivation activity in yeast. Overexpression of the OsWRKY31 gene was found to enhance resistance against infection with M. grisea, and the transgenic lines exhibited reduced lateral root formation and elongation compared with wild-type and RNAi plants. The lines with overexpression showed constitutive expression of many defense-related genes, such as PBZI and OsSci2, as well as early auxin-response genes, such as OslAA4 and OsCrll genes. Furthermore, the plants with overexpression were less sensitive to exogenously supplied IBA, NAA and 2,4-1） at high concentrations, suggesting that overexpression of the OsWRKY31 gene might alter the auxin response or transport. These results also suggest that OsWRKY31 might be a common component in the signal transduction pathways of the auxin response and the defense response in rice.
文摘Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA family genes, OslAA 11 （LOC_Os03g43400）, was isolated from a rice mutant defective in lateral root development. The gain-of-function mutation in OslAAll strictly blocks the initiation of lateral root primordia, but it does not affect crown root development. The expression of OslAAll is defined in root tips, lateral root caps, steles, and lateral root primordia. The auxin reporter DR5-GUS （^-glucuronidase） was expressed at lower levels in the mutant than in wild-type, indicating that OslAAll is involved in auxin signaling in root caps. The transcript abundance of both OsPINlb and OsPIN10a was diminished in root tips of the Osiaa 11 mutant. Taken together, the results indicate that the gain-of-function mutation in OslAA 11 caused the inhibition of lateral root development in rice.
文摘Background Far lateral lumbar disc herniation （FLLDH） accounts for 2.6% to 11.7% of all lumbar herniated discs. Numerous surgical approaches have been described for treating this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate minimally invasive surgical techniques for the treatment of FLLDH. Methods From June 2000 to March 2006, 52 patients with FLLDH were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All patients were assessed by anteroposterior and lateral roentgenography and computed tomography （CT）. Some patients underwent myelography, discography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Procedures performed included Yeung Endoscopy Spine System （YESS） （n=25）, METRx MicroDiscectomy System （n=13）, and X-tube （n=14）. Patients were followed up for a mean of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a visual analog scale （VAS） and Nakai criteria. Results All 3 procedures significantly improved radiating leg symptoms （P 〈0.005）. After surgery, 84.0%, 84.6%, and 92.8% of patients in the YESS, METRx, and X-tube groups had excellent or good outcomes. There were no statistically significant differences of VAS scores between the groups. The YESS procedure was associated with the shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia, and least trauma compared with the other 2 procedures, especially for type I herniations. The METRx procedure was the most suitable for type Ⅱ herniations and posterior endoscopic facetectomy. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was the most suitable for herniations combined with degenerative lumbar instability （type Ⅲ）. Conclusion Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined with reference to the type of FLLDH.
基金The work of the authors is funded by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） grant 2014CB943500, the National NaturalScience Foundation of China grants 31430010, 31401232, 31872835, and 3171101408, and partly supported by the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry （SKLPPBKF1805）. Y.J. is a Newton Advanced Fellow of the Royal Society.
文摘Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how threedimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning,No.2018R1C1B5029745(to HJC),2011-0030072(to YH),2018R1D1A1B07040282(to JJ),2018R1A2B6001123(to NYJ)
文摘Mitophagy is activated by a number of stimuli, including hypoxia, energy stress, and increased oxidative phosphorylation activity. Mitophagy is associated with oxidative stress conditions and central neurodegenerative diseases. Proper regulation of mitophagy is crucial for maintaining homeostasis; conversely, inadequate removal of mitochondria through mitophagy leads to the generation of oxidative species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These diseases are most prevalent in older adults whose bodies fail to maintain proper mitophagic functions to combat oxidative species. As mitophagy is essential for normal body function, by targeting mitophagic pathways we can improve these disease conditions. The search for effective remedies to treat these disease conditions is an ongoing process, which is why more studies are needed. Additionally, more relevant studies could help establish therapeutic conditions, which are currently in high demand. In this review, we discuss how mitophagy plays a significant role in homeostasis and how its dysregulation causes neurodegeneration. We also discuss how combating oxidative species and targeting mitophagy can help treat these neurodegenerative diseases.
基金Project(51978085)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(201808430102)supported by the China Scholarship Council+1 种基金Project(JTG-201507)supported by the Highway Industry Standard Compilation Project of Ministry of Transportation,ChinaProject(kfj180102)supported by the Open Fund of Changsha University of Science&Technology,China。
文摘The traditional stability analysis method of geogrid reinforced slopes does not consider the effect of lateral swelling,so it is not applicable to reinforced expansive soil slopes.This paper reports a new stability analysis method for geogrid reinforced expansive soil slopes.The additional pullout force of the free zone due to the lateral swelling and the anti-pullout safety factor of each geogrid layer were obtained by ensuring the overall stability of the reinforced slope.The optimum design was carried out to treat an expansive soil cut slope in Hubei Province,China,by changing the spacing and length of geogrid reinforcement.Calculation results show that the additional pullout force caused by lateral swelling has a great influence on the anti-pullout stability of geogrids,and the local stability of the reinforced slope will be overestimated if the swelling effect of soil in the free zone is not considered.
基金This work was support ed by the Shanghai Municipal Scientifi c&Technological Commission(Grant Nos.033107019)Shanghai Municipal Agricultural Commission(Grant Nos 2003-2-1-2).
文摘Using SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)markers a genetic linkage map of cucumber was constructed with a population consisting of 138 F_(2) individuals derived from a cross of the two cucumber lines,S06 and S52.In the survey of parental polymorphisms with 182 primer combinations,64 polymorphism-revealing primer pairs were screened out,which generated totally 108 polymorphic bands with an average of 1.7 bands per primer pair and at most 6 bands from one primer pair.The constructed molecular linkage map included 92 loci,distributed in seven linkage groups and spanning 1164.2 cM in length with an average genetic distance of 12.6 cM between two neighboring loci.Based on this linkage map,the quantitative trait loci(QTL)for the lateral branch number(lbn)and the lateral branch average length(lbl)in cucumber were identified by QTLMapper1.6.A major QTL lbn1 located between ME11SA4B and ME5EM5 in LG2 could explain 10.63%of the total variation with its positively effecting allele from S06.A major QTL lbl1 located between DC1OD3 and DC1EM14 in LG2 could account for 10.38%of the total variation with its positively effecting allele from S_(06).
文摘In 1988, Rudolf Pichlmayr pioneered split liver transplantation(SLT), enabling the transplantation of one donor liver into two recipients-one pediatric and one adult patient. In the same year, Henri Bismuth and colleagues performed the first full right/full left split procedure with two adult recipients. Both splitting techniques were rapidly adopted within the transplant community. However, a SLT is technically demanding, may cause increased perioperative complications, and may potentially transform an excellent deceased donor organ into two marginal quality grafts. Thus, crucial evaluation of donor organs suitable for splitting and careful screening of potential SLT recipients is warranted. Furthermore, the logistic background of the splitting procedure as well as the organ allocation policy must be adapted to further increase the number and the safety of SLT. Under defined circumstances, in selected patients and at experienced transplant centers, SLT outcomes can be similar to those obtained in full organ LT. Thus, SLT is an important tool to reduce the donor organ shortage and waitlist mortality, especially for pediatric patients and small adults. The present review gives an overview of technical aspects, current developments, and clinical outcomes of SLT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81274005Medical Science Research,Health Department of Hebei Province,No.20110173,20090588Hebei Education Department Science Foundation,No.2007302
文摘Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress is characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which can induce mitochondrial DNA mutations, damage the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alter membrane permeability, and influence Ca2＋ homeostasis and mitochondrial defense systems. All these changes are implicated in the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, mediating or amplifying neuronal dysfunction and triggering neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and discusses strategies to modify mitochondrial dysfunction that may be attractive therapeutic interventions for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘Anal stenosis is a rare but serious complication of anorectal surgery, most commonly seen after hemorrhoidectomy. Anal stenosis represents a technical challenge in terms of surgical management. A Medline search of studies relevant to the management of anal stenosis was undertaken. The etiology, pathophysiology and classification of anal stenosis were reviewed. An overview of surgical and non-surgical therapeutic options was developed. Ninety percent of anal stenosis is caused by overzealous hemorrhoidectomy. Treatment, both medical and surgical, should be modulated based on stenosis severity. Mild stenosis can be managed conservatively with stool softeners or fiber supplements. Sphincterotomy may be quite adequate for a patient with a mild degree of narrowing. For more severe stenosis, a formal anoplasty should be performed to treat the loss of anal canal tissue. Anal stenosis may be anatomic or functional. Anal stricture is most often a preventable complication. Many techniques have been used for the treatment of anal stenosis with variable healing rates. It is extremely difficult to interpret the results of the various anoplastic procedures described in the literature as prospective trials have not been performed. However, almost any approach will at least improve patient symptoms.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Science （grant no. KSCX3-YW-N-007）, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （grant no. 2012CBl14304）, and the National Nature Science Foundation of China （grant no. 30830075）.
文摘Plant root system morphology is dramatically influenced by various environmental cues. The adaptation of root system architecture to environmental constraints, which mostly depends on the formation and growth of lateral roots, is an important agronomic trait. Lateral root development is regulated by the external signals coordinating closely with intrinsic signaling pathways. MADS-box transcription factors are known key regulators of the transition to flowering and flower development. However, their functions in root development are still poorly understood. Here we report that AGL21, an AGL17-clade MADS-box gene, plays a crucial role in lateral root development. AGL21 was highly expressed in root, particularly in the root central cylinder and lateral root primordia. AGL21 overexpression plants produced more and longer lateral roots while ag121 mutants showed impaired lateral root development, especially under nitrogen-deficient conditions. AGL21 was induced by many plant hormones and environmental stresses, suggesting a function of this gene in root system plasticity in response to various signals. Furthermore, AGL21 was found positively regulating auxin accumulation in lateral root primordia and lateral roots by enhancing local auxin biosynthesis, thus stimulating lateral root initiation and growth. We propose that AGL21 may be involved in various environmental and physiological signals-mediated lateral root development and growth.
文摘Brassinosteroids （BRs） are natural plant hormones critical for growth and development. BR-deficient or signaling mutants show significantly shortened root phenotypes. But for a long time, it was thought that these phenotypes were solely caused by reduced root cell elongation in the mutants. Functions of BRs in regulating root development have been largely neglected. Recent detailed analyses, however, revealed that BRs are not only involved in root cell elongation but are also involved in many aspects of root development, such as maintenance of meristem size, root hair formation, lateral root initiation, gravitropic response, mycorrhiza formation, and nodulation in legume species. In this review, current findings on the functions of BRs in mediating root growth, development, and symbiosis are discussed.
基金supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation(Nos.49772119,49732080 and49290100).
文摘The Qinling orogenic belt underwent complicated processes of rifting and collision, as shown by the coexistence of 1 ocean extension and plate margin rifting and 2 subduction of the frontal oceanic crust and extension of the rear plate margin. These resulted in a basin-mountain framework characterized by the coexistence of plates separated by the ocean basin and continental blocks demarcated by the rifting sea trough in the marginal region and the coexistence of subduction orogeny and ocean extension. Generally speaking, the plate marginal area between the North China plate and Yangtze plate continually rifted from north to south and the rifted micro-plates continually accreted northwards. This especial orogenic process was probably controlled by two events of deep mantle geodynamic adjustment and mantle plume activities, which occurred in the Shangdan suture belt and Mianlüe suture belt from north to south respectively.
文摘Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are common in high-demand patient populations. If not managed appropriately, patients may experience recurrent instability, chronic pain, osteochondral lesions of the talus, premature osteoarthritis, and other significantlong-term disability. Certain populations, including young athletes, military personnel and those involved in frequent running, jumping, and cutting motions, are at increased risk. Proposed risk factors include prior ankle sprain, elevated body weight or body mass index, female gender, neuromuscular deficits, postural imbalance, foot/ankle malalignment, and exposure to at-risk athletic activity. Prompt, accurate diagnosis is crucial, and evidence-based, functional rehabilitation regimens have a proven track record in returning active patients to work and sport. When patients fail to improve with physical therapy and external bracing, multiple surgical techniques have been described with reliable results, including both anatomic and nonanatomic reconstructive methods. Anatomic repair of the lateral ligamentous complex remains the gold standard for recurrent ankle instability, and it effectively restores native ankle anatomy and joint kinematics while preserving physiologic ankle and subtalar motion. Further preventative measures may minimize the risk of ankle instability in athletic cohorts, including prophylactic bracing and combined neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs. These interventions have demonstrated benefit in patients at heightened risk for lateral ankle sprain and allow active cohorts to return to full activity without adversely affecting athletic performance.
