2015年11月7—9日沈阳出现罕见的持续严重污染天气,采用环流形势、地面常规气象观测、污染物浓度观测、风廓线雷达及雨滴谱资料等,对此次污染成因进行了研究.结果表明:在此次严重污染天气过程中,连续22 h AQI≥500,首要污染物均为PM_(2....2015年11月7—9日沈阳出现罕见的持续严重污染天气,采用环流形势、地面常规气象观测、污染物浓度观测、风廓线雷达及雨滴谱资料等,对此次污染成因进行了研究.结果表明:在此次严重污染天气过程中,连续22 h AQI≥500,首要污染物均为PM_(2.5),其异常峰值最高达到1 308μg/m^3;ρ(PM_(2.5))与ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(NO_2)和ρ(CO)的相关系数分别达到0.996、0.602、0.891,并且ρ(PM_(2.5))与ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(CO)的正相关性更为显著;在污染的同时出现了降水,11月7和8日的日降水量分别为9.9和2.3 mm,但降水对污染物的稀释和清除作用并不明显.稳定的大尺度环流和对流层内中低层大气层结持续稳定、连续4个时次的探空曲线显示925~850 h Pa之间存在多个逆温层(逆温强度最大可达5℃)、相对湿度较大(日均相对湿度在75%以上),是此次严重污染天气持续的有利气象条件.风廓线雷达探测的整层大气垂直速度很小,多介于-1~1 m/s之间,并且近地面2 m/s以下弱下沉的垂直速度为严重污染天气过程提供了较好的动力条件.此外,近地面风力可达3~4级,有利于上游污染物的水平输送.研究显示,此次严重污染天气过程还与外围秸秆集中燃烧所导致的大量污染物长距离输送有密切关联.展开更多
Variation in weather conditions during grain filling has substantial effects on maize kernel weight(KW). The objective of this work was to characterize variation in KW with sowing date-associated weather conditions an...Variation in weather conditions during grain filling has substantial effects on maize kernel weight(KW). The objective of this work was to characterize variation in KW with sowing date-associated weather conditions and examine the relationship between KW, grain filling parameters, and weather factors. Maize was sown on eight sowing dates(SD) at 15–20-day intervals from mid-March to mid-July during 2012 and 2013 in the North China Plain. With sowing date delay, KW increased initially and later declined, and the greatest KW was obtained at SD6 in both years. The increased KW at SD6 was attributed mainly to kernel growth rate(Gmean), and effective grain-filling period(P). Variations in temperature and radiation were the primary factors that influenced KW and grain-filling parameters. When the effective cumulative temperature(AT) and radiation(Ra)during grain filling were 950 °C and 1005.4 MJ m-2, respectively, P and KW were greatest. High temperatures(daily maximum temperature [Tmax] > 30.2 °C) during grain filling under early sowing conditions, or low temperatures(daily minimum temperature [Tmin] < 20.7 °C) under late sowing conditions combined with high diurnal temperature range(Tmax-min> 7.1 °C) decreased kernel growth rate and ultimately final KW. When sowing was performed from May 25 through June 27, higher KW and yield of maize were obtained. We conclude that variations in environmental conditions(temperature and radiation) during grain filling markedly affect growth rate and duration of grain filling and eventually affect kernel weight and yield of maize.展开更多
文摘2015年11月7—9日沈阳出现罕见的持续严重污染天气,采用环流形势、地面常规气象观测、污染物浓度观测、风廓线雷达及雨滴谱资料等,对此次污染成因进行了研究.结果表明:在此次严重污染天气过程中,连续22 h AQI≥500,首要污染物均为PM_(2.5),其异常峰值最高达到1 308μg/m^3;ρ(PM_(2.5))与ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(NO_2)和ρ(CO)的相关系数分别达到0.996、0.602、0.891,并且ρ(PM_(2.5))与ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(CO)的正相关性更为显著;在污染的同时出现了降水,11月7和8日的日降水量分别为9.9和2.3 mm,但降水对污染物的稀释和清除作用并不明显.稳定的大尺度环流和对流层内中低层大气层结持续稳定、连续4个时次的探空曲线显示925~850 h Pa之间存在多个逆温层(逆温强度最大可达5℃)、相对湿度较大(日均相对湿度在75%以上),是此次严重污染天气持续的有利气象条件.风廓线雷达探测的整层大气垂直速度很小,多介于-1~1 m/s之间,并且近地面2 m/s以下弱下沉的垂直速度为严重污染天气过程提供了较好的动力条件.此外,近地面风力可达3~4级,有利于上游污染物的水平输送.研究显示,此次严重污染天气过程还与外围秸秆集中燃烧所导致的大量污染物长距离输送有密切关联.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201203096)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Nos.2013BAD07B00 and 2013BAD08B00)the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-02)
文摘Variation in weather conditions during grain filling has substantial effects on maize kernel weight(KW). The objective of this work was to characterize variation in KW with sowing date-associated weather conditions and examine the relationship between KW, grain filling parameters, and weather factors. Maize was sown on eight sowing dates(SD) at 15–20-day intervals from mid-March to mid-July during 2012 and 2013 in the North China Plain. With sowing date delay, KW increased initially and later declined, and the greatest KW was obtained at SD6 in both years. The increased KW at SD6 was attributed mainly to kernel growth rate(Gmean), and effective grain-filling period(P). Variations in temperature and radiation were the primary factors that influenced KW and grain-filling parameters. When the effective cumulative temperature(AT) and radiation(Ra)during grain filling were 950 °C and 1005.4 MJ m-2, respectively, P and KW were greatest. High temperatures(daily maximum temperature [Tmax] > 30.2 °C) during grain filling under early sowing conditions, or low temperatures(daily minimum temperature [Tmin] < 20.7 °C) under late sowing conditions combined with high diurnal temperature range(Tmax-min> 7.1 °C) decreased kernel growth rate and ultimately final KW. When sowing was performed from May 25 through June 27, higher KW and yield of maize were obtained. We conclude that variations in environmental conditions(temperature and radiation) during grain filling markedly affect growth rate and duration of grain filling and eventually affect kernel weight and yield of maize.
