Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig＇s life that can contribute...Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig＇s life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress. The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.展开更多
The gastrointestinal(GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous sys...The gastrointestinal(GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions(e.g., digestion,absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility.Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.展开更多
An optimally functioning gastrointestinal tract(GIT) clearly is of importance to the overall metabolism,physiology, disease status and performance of pigs of all stages of growth and development.Recently, the‘health...An optimally functioning gastrointestinal tract(GIT) clearly is of importance to the overall metabolism,physiology, disease status and performance of pigs of all stages of growth and development.Recently, the‘health’ of the GIT(‘gut health’) has attracted much attention despite the lack of a clear definition to the term or its aetiology, although in broad terms, ‘gut health’ encompasses a number of physiological and functional features including nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable and appropriate microbiota/microbiome, defence mechanisms including barrier function and mucosal immune mechanisms, and the interactions between these components.‘Gut health’ in the newlyweaned(young) pig is of obvious interest due to changes in GIT structure and function associated with the post-weaning transition, and more recently to the upsurge in interest in different feed additives as dietary alternatives/replacements caused by bans/reductions in certain antimicrobial compounds being available in some parts of the world.In the presence of enteric disease(s) after weaning, a deterioration in ‘gut health’ may be synonymous to the overall health of the pig, and although some direct relationships can be drawn between pig performance and efficiency and a ‘healthy' GIT, sometimes this connection is subtler and less obvious, especially in the absence of overt enteric disease(s).The factors and conditions involved in ‘gut health’ are multifactorial, complex, often poorly described and sometimes incorrectly interpreted,although it is evident that perturbations of the GIT can cause an imbalance and disturb the generalized homeostasis.In addition to any enteric diseases or conditions that might arise as a result of these disturbances, other influences will also impact such as the responses occurring in the GIT in the period immediately after weaning, any changes that might occur after a change in diet, and(or) disruptions to meal patterns and hence the flow of nutrients展开更多
目的：通过床旁超声评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者的膈肌功能，明确膈肌超声指标对撤机的指导价值。方法研究对象为2015年2月至2015年8月浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院危重医学科诊治的需行有创机械通气的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者。在患者符...目的：通过床旁超声评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者的膈肌功能，明确膈肌超声指标对撤机的指导价值。方法研究对象为2015年2月至2015年8月浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院危重医学科诊治的需行有创机械通气的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者。在患者符合临床撤机筛查条件后进行自主呼吸试验1h。自主呼吸试验结束时采用床旁B型超声评估患者膈肌指标，包括吸气末膈肌厚度（ diaphragmatic thickness at the end of inspiration， DTei）、呼气末膈肌厚度（ diaphragmatic thickness at the end of expiration， DTee）、膈肌增厚分数（ diaphragmatic thickening fraction， DTF），同时记录浅快呼吸指数及其他生理参数。对符合临床撤机标准者进行撤机。统计分析膈肌超声指标与撤机结果之间的关系，采用接受者操作特征曲线（ ROC）分别评价DTF和浅快呼吸指数对撤机成功的预测价值。结果共43例患者纳入本研究，其中撤机成功25例，撤机失败18例。撤机成功组和失败组的撤机前参数如年龄、体质量指数、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ、机械通气时间、心率、平均动脉压、分钟通气量、氧合指数等差异均无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。膈肌静态指标DTei、 DTee在撤机成功组和失败组之间差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。撤机成功组撤机前的DTF （39.66±13.22）％vs.（23.84±8.85）％显著高于撤机失败组（P＜0.05）。以DTF≥30％为标准预测撤机成功，敏感度84％，特异度83.33％， ROC曲线下面积0.872（95％ CI：0.759-0.985）。撤机成功组撤机前的浅快呼吸指数（62.74±26.05） vs.（98.89±35.44）显著低于撤机失败组（ P＜0.05）。以浅快呼吸指数≤105为标准预测撤机成功，敏感度92％，特异度38.89％， ROC 曲线下面积0.804（95％ CI：0.669-0.940）。结论膈肌超声指标DTF对慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者撤机时机选择和�展开更多
目的分析有创机械通气脱机后序贯经鼻高流量氧疗(HFNC)的特点及治疗失败的危险因素.方法选择2016年6月1日至2018年5月31日北京大学人民医院外科重症医学科(ICU)有创机械通气脱机后序贯HFNC治疗的患者.收集患者一般临床资料、呼吸治疗相...目的分析有创机械通气脱机后序贯经鼻高流量氧疗(HFNC)的特点及治疗失败的危险因素.方法选择2016年6月1日至2018年5月31日北京大学人民医院外科重症医学科(ICU)有创机械通气脱机后序贯HFNC治疗的患者.收集患者一般临床资料、呼吸治疗相关参数、呼吸生理相关指标、循环相关指标及结局指标,分析脱机后序贯HFNC的治疗特点.根据HFNC失败与否将患者分为HFNC失败组与HFNC成功组,比较两组各项指标的差异;采用多因素Logistic回归分析HFNC治疗失败的独立危险因素,并对各危险因素和回归模型预估值预测治疗失败的价值进行受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析.结果共纳入99例患者,男性61例,中位年龄67.0(57.0,76.0)岁.HFNC初始治疗流速为50(50,60)L/min,吸入氧浓度(FiO2)为0.50(0.40,0.60).有18例患者(18.2%)HFNC治疗失败.与HFNC成功组相比,HFNC失败组序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)更高〔分:4(3,5)比2(1,3),P<0.01〕,治疗前血B型利钠肽(BNP)水平更高〔ng/L:647.2(399.2,1 331.3)比127.2(55.2,369.5),P<0.01〕,HFNC治疗30 min呼吸频率(RR)和心率(HR)更快〔RR(次/min):26(22,28)比19(17,21),HR(次/min):105(97,107)比85(77,90),均P<0.01〕,平均动脉压(MAP)更高〔mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):104.3(101.7,110.7)比92.3(88.3,97.7),P<0.01〕,氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)更低〔mmHg:207.3(185.8,402.8)比320.2(226.2,361.5),P<0.05〕.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SOFA评分〔优势比(OR)=2.818,P=0.022,β=1.036〕、治疗前BNP(OR=1.002,P=0.033,β=0.002)和治疗30 min HR(OR=1.140,P=0.032,β=0.131)为HFNC治疗失败的独立危险因素.ROC曲线分析显示,SOFA、治疗前BNP、治疗30 min HR和Logistic回归模型预估值预测HFNC失败的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.840、0.859、0.860和0.962,均有较好的预测价值(均P<0.01).结论脱机后序贯HFNC治疗是ICU常用的氧疗手段之一,但并不是所有患者都能从中获益;SOFA评分、治疗前BNP和治疗30 min HR为外科ICU有创机械通气患者脱展开更多
Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performa...Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performance. However,limited information is available regarding the composition and function of the gut microbiome of piglets in early-life.Therefore, we performed 16 S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA from fecal samples from healthy piglets during weaning to measure microbiome shifts, and to identify the potential contribution of the early-life microbiota in shaping piglet health with a focus on microbial stress responses, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Results: The analysis of 16 S rR NA genes and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing revealed significant compositional and functional differences between the fecal microbiome in nursing and weaned piglets. The fecal microbiome of the nursing piglets showed higher relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides with abundant gene families related to the utilization of lactose and galactose. Prevotel a and Lactobacil us were enriched in weaned piglets with an enrichment for the gene families associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In addition, an analysis of the functional capacity of the fecal microbiome showed higher abundances of genes associated with heat shock and oxidative stress in the metagenome of weaned piglets compared to nursing piglets.Conclusions: Overal, our data show that microbial shifts and changes in functional capacities of the piglet fecal microbiome resulted in potential reductions in the effects of stress, including dietary changes that occur during weaning.These results provide us with new insights into the piglet gut microbiome that contributes to the growth of the animal.展开更多
Background:The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly (BSF,Hermetia illucens L.) larva meal on the growth performance,nutrient digestib...Background:The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly (BSF,Hermetia illucens L.) larva meal on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profile,gut morphology and histological features of piglets.A total of 48 newly weaned piglets were individually weighed (initial body weight (IBW):6.1 ± 0.16 kg) and randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments (4 boxes as replicates/treatment and 4 animals/box).BSF larva meal was included at increasing levels (0% [BSF0],5% [BSFS] and 10% [BSF10]) in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated for two feeding phases:Ⅰ (from d 1 to d 23) and Ⅱ (from d 24 to d 61).The weight gain (WG),average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for each feeding phase and for the whole trial.The haematochemical parameters and nutrient digestibility of the piglets were also evaluated.A total of 3 piglets per box were slaughtered on d 61 and the slaughtered piglets were submitted to morphometric investigations and histopathological examinations.Results:No overall significant differences were observed for growth performance (P > 0.05),except for the ADFI of phase Ⅱ,which showed a linear response to increasing BSF meal levels (P < 0.05,maximum for the BSF10 group).Dietary BSF meal inclusion did not significantly influence the blood profile,except as far as monocytes and neutrophils are concerned,and these showed a linear and quadratic response,respectively,to increasing BSF meal levels (P < 0.05,maximum for the BSF10 and BSF5 groups,respectively).On the other hand,the nutrient digestibility,gut morphology and histological features were not affected by dietary BSF meal inclusion (P > 0.05).Conclusions:The obtained results show that a partially defatted BSF larva meal can be used as a feed ingredient in diets for weaned piglets without negatively affecting their growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profile,gut morphology or histolo展开更多
目的 探讨高流量氧疗在ICU机械通气患者脱机过程中的应用效果。方法 105例ICU中因呼吸衰竭行机械通气治疗后脱机但未拔管的患者，采用随机数值表法分为研究组和对照组。研究组采用气管插管处接高流量氧疗系统行氧疗湿化治疗，对照组采...目的 探讨高流量氧疗在ICU机械通气患者脱机过程中的应用效果。方法 105例ICU中因呼吸衰竭行机械通气治疗后脱机但未拔管的患者，采用随机数值表法分为研究组和对照组。研究组采用气管插管处接高流量氧疗系统行氧疗湿化治疗，对照组采用气管插管处接人工鼻联合文丘里空氧混合阀行传统氧疗。监测比较脱机后6、12、24 h两组患者的呼吸频率、动脉血pH、PaO2、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、PaCO2、气道湿化效果、纤支镜吸痰次数。比较脱机期间两组患者再上机率、拔管后无创呼吸机使用率、拔管后72 h内再插管率及ICU住院天数。结果 氧疗后6、12、24 h研究组患者的呼吸频率、PaO2、氧合指数均优于对照组（P〈0.01）；两组动脉血pH、PaCO2比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；研究组气道湿化效果优于对照组（P〈0.01），纤支镜吸痰次数较对照组少（2.1±1.3 vs. 3.0±1.3,P〈0.01）。研究组脱机期间再上机率低于对照组（11.8% vs. 29.6%，P〈0.05），两组拔管后无创呼吸机使用率（17.6% vs. 31.5%，P〉0.05），拔管后72 h内再插管率（7.8% vs. 18.5%，P〉0.05）以及ICU住院天数（14.3±3.0 vs. 14.3±3.3，P〉0.05）比较差异无统计学意义。结论 高流量氧疗系统可以降低ICU机械通气患者脱机后的呼吸频率，改善氧合，提高气道湿化效果,减少纤支镜吸痰次数，并降低脱机后再上机率，但拔管后无创呼吸机使用率、72 h内再插管率和ICU住院天数差异无统计学意义。展开更多
文摘Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig＇s life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress. The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.
基金supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health HD072968Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No. 2017-67015-26673 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
文摘The gastrointestinal(GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions(e.g., digestion,absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility.Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.
文摘An optimally functioning gastrointestinal tract(GIT) clearly is of importance to the overall metabolism,physiology, disease status and performance of pigs of all stages of growth and development.Recently, the‘health’ of the GIT(‘gut health’) has attracted much attention despite the lack of a clear definition to the term or its aetiology, although in broad terms, ‘gut health’ encompasses a number of physiological and functional features including nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable and appropriate microbiota/microbiome, defence mechanisms including barrier function and mucosal immune mechanisms, and the interactions between these components.‘Gut health’ in the newlyweaned(young) pig is of obvious interest due to changes in GIT structure and function associated with the post-weaning transition, and more recently to the upsurge in interest in different feed additives as dietary alternatives/replacements caused by bans/reductions in certain antimicrobial compounds being available in some parts of the world.In the presence of enteric disease(s) after weaning, a deterioration in ‘gut health’ may be synonymous to the overall health of the pig, and although some direct relationships can be drawn between pig performance and efficiency and a ‘healthy' GIT, sometimes this connection is subtler and less obvious, especially in the absence of overt enteric disease(s).The factors and conditions involved in ‘gut health’ are multifactorial, complex, often poorly described and sometimes incorrectly interpreted,although it is evident that perturbations of the GIT can cause an imbalance and disturb the generalized homeostasis.In addition to any enteric diseases or conditions that might arise as a result of these disturbances, other influences will also impact such as the responses occurring in the GIT in the period immediately after weaning, any changes that might occur after a change in diet, and(or) disruptions to meal patterns and hence the flow of nutrients
文摘目的：通过床旁超声评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者的膈肌功能，明确膈肌超声指标对撤机的指导价值。方法研究对象为2015年2月至2015年8月浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院危重医学科诊治的需行有创机械通气的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者。在患者符合临床撤机筛查条件后进行自主呼吸试验1h。自主呼吸试验结束时采用床旁B型超声评估患者膈肌指标，包括吸气末膈肌厚度（ diaphragmatic thickness at the end of inspiration， DTei）、呼气末膈肌厚度（ diaphragmatic thickness at the end of expiration， DTee）、膈肌增厚分数（ diaphragmatic thickening fraction， DTF），同时记录浅快呼吸指数及其他生理参数。对符合临床撤机标准者进行撤机。统计分析膈肌超声指标与撤机结果之间的关系，采用接受者操作特征曲线（ ROC）分别评价DTF和浅快呼吸指数对撤机成功的预测价值。结果共43例患者纳入本研究，其中撤机成功25例，撤机失败18例。撤机成功组和失败组的撤机前参数如年龄、体质量指数、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ、机械通气时间、心率、平均动脉压、分钟通气量、氧合指数等差异均无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。膈肌静态指标DTei、 DTee在撤机成功组和失败组之间差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。撤机成功组撤机前的DTF （39.66±13.22）％vs.（23.84±8.85）％显著高于撤机失败组（P＜0.05）。以DTF≥30％为标准预测撤机成功，敏感度84％，特异度83.33％， ROC曲线下面积0.872（95％ CI：0.759-0.985）。撤机成功组撤机前的浅快呼吸指数（62.74±26.05） vs.（98.89±35.44）显著低于撤机失败组（ P＜0.05）。以浅快呼吸指数≤105为标准预测撤机成功，敏感度92％，特异度38.89％， ROC 曲线下面积0.804（95％ CI：0.669-0.940）。结论膈肌超声指标DTF对慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者撤机时机选择和�
文摘目的分析有创机械通气脱机后序贯经鼻高流量氧疗(HFNC)的特点及治疗失败的危险因素.方法选择2016年6月1日至2018年5月31日北京大学人民医院外科重症医学科(ICU)有创机械通气脱机后序贯HFNC治疗的患者.收集患者一般临床资料、呼吸治疗相关参数、呼吸生理相关指标、循环相关指标及结局指标,分析脱机后序贯HFNC的治疗特点.根据HFNC失败与否将患者分为HFNC失败组与HFNC成功组,比较两组各项指标的差异;采用多因素Logistic回归分析HFNC治疗失败的独立危险因素,并对各危险因素和回归模型预估值预测治疗失败的价值进行受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析.结果共纳入99例患者,男性61例,中位年龄67.0(57.0,76.0)岁.HFNC初始治疗流速为50(50,60)L/min,吸入氧浓度(FiO2)为0.50(0.40,0.60).有18例患者(18.2%)HFNC治疗失败.与HFNC成功组相比,HFNC失败组序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)更高〔分:4(3,5)比2(1,3),P<0.01〕,治疗前血B型利钠肽(BNP)水平更高〔ng/L:647.2(399.2,1 331.3)比127.2(55.2,369.5),P<0.01〕,HFNC治疗30 min呼吸频率(RR)和心率(HR)更快〔RR(次/min):26(22,28)比19(17,21),HR(次/min):105(97,107)比85(77,90),均P<0.01〕,平均动脉压(MAP)更高〔mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):104.3(101.7,110.7)比92.3(88.3,97.7),P<0.01〕,氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)更低〔mmHg:207.3(185.8,402.8)比320.2(226.2,361.5),P<0.05〕.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SOFA评分〔优势比(OR)=2.818,P=0.022,β=1.036〕、治疗前BNP(OR=1.002,P=0.033,β=0.002)和治疗30 min HR(OR=1.140,P=0.032,β=0.131)为HFNC治疗失败的独立危险因素.ROC曲线分析显示,SOFA、治疗前BNP、治疗30 min HR和Logistic回归模型预估值预测HFNC失败的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.840、0.859、0.860和0.962,均有较好的预测价值(均P<0.01).结论脱机后序贯HFNC治疗是ICU常用的氧疗手段之一,但并不是所有患者都能从中获益;SOFA评分、治疗前BNP和治疗30 min HR为外科ICU有创机械通气患者脱
基金supported by the fund(Project No.PJ012615)Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea
文摘Background: Understanding the composition of the microbial community and its functional capacity during weaning is important for pig production as bacteria play important roles in the pig’s health and growth performance. However,limited information is available regarding the composition and function of the gut microbiome of piglets in early-life.Therefore, we performed 16 S rRNA gene and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA from fecal samples from healthy piglets during weaning to measure microbiome shifts, and to identify the potential contribution of the early-life microbiota in shaping piglet health with a focus on microbial stress responses, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Results: The analysis of 16 S rR NA genes and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing revealed significant compositional and functional differences between the fecal microbiome in nursing and weaned piglets. The fecal microbiome of the nursing piglets showed higher relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides with abundant gene families related to the utilization of lactose and galactose. Prevotel a and Lactobacil us were enriched in weaned piglets with an enrichment for the gene families associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In addition, an analysis of the functional capacity of the fecal microbiome showed higher abundances of genes associated with heat shock and oxidative stress in the metagenome of weaned piglets compared to nursing piglets.Conclusions: Overal, our data show that microbial shifts and changes in functional capacities of the piglet fecal microbiome resulted in potential reductions in the effects of stress, including dietary changes that occur during weaning.These results provide us with new insights into the piglet gut microbiome that contributes to the growth of the animal.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by Martini Group(Premio Iller Campani)a University of Turin(ex 60%)grant(Es.fin.2015–2016-2017)
文摘Background:The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly (BSF,Hermetia illucens L.) larva meal on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profile,gut morphology and histological features of piglets.A total of 48 newly weaned piglets were individually weighed (initial body weight (IBW):6.1 ± 0.16 kg) and randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments (4 boxes as replicates/treatment and 4 animals/box).BSF larva meal was included at increasing levels (0% [BSF0],5% [BSFS] and 10% [BSF10]) in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated for two feeding phases:Ⅰ (from d 1 to d 23) and Ⅱ (from d 24 to d 61).The weight gain (WG),average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for each feeding phase and for the whole trial.The haematochemical parameters and nutrient digestibility of the piglets were also evaluated.A total of 3 piglets per box were slaughtered on d 61 and the slaughtered piglets were submitted to morphometric investigations and histopathological examinations.Results:No overall significant differences were observed for growth performance (P > 0.05),except for the ADFI of phase Ⅱ,which showed a linear response to increasing BSF meal levels (P < 0.05,maximum for the BSF10 group).Dietary BSF meal inclusion did not significantly influence the blood profile,except as far as monocytes and neutrophils are concerned,and these showed a linear and quadratic response,respectively,to increasing BSF meal levels (P < 0.05,maximum for the BSF10 and BSF5 groups,respectively).On the other hand,the nutrient digestibility,gut morphology and histological features were not affected by dietary BSF meal inclusion (P > 0.05).Conclusions:The obtained results show that a partially defatted BSF larva meal can be used as a feed ingredient in diets for weaned piglets without negatively affecting their growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood profile,gut morphology or histolo
文摘目的 探讨高流量氧疗在ICU机械通气患者脱机过程中的应用效果。方法 105例ICU中因呼吸衰竭行机械通气治疗后脱机但未拔管的患者，采用随机数值表法分为研究组和对照组。研究组采用气管插管处接高流量氧疗系统行氧疗湿化治疗，对照组采用气管插管处接人工鼻联合文丘里空氧混合阀行传统氧疗。监测比较脱机后6、12、24 h两组患者的呼吸频率、动脉血pH、PaO2、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、PaCO2、气道湿化效果、纤支镜吸痰次数。比较脱机期间两组患者再上机率、拔管后无创呼吸机使用率、拔管后72 h内再插管率及ICU住院天数。结果 氧疗后6、12、24 h研究组患者的呼吸频率、PaO2、氧合指数均优于对照组（P〈0.01）；两组动脉血pH、PaCO2比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；研究组气道湿化效果优于对照组（P〈0.01），纤支镜吸痰次数较对照组少（2.1±1.3 vs. 3.0±1.3,P〈0.01）。研究组脱机期间再上机率低于对照组（11.8% vs. 29.6%，P〈0.05），两组拔管后无创呼吸机使用率（17.6% vs. 31.5%，P〉0.05），拔管后72 h内再插管率（7.8% vs. 18.5%，P〉0.05）以及ICU住院天数（14.3±3.0 vs. 14.3±3.3，P〉0.05）比较差异无统计学意义。结论 高流量氧疗系统可以降低ICU机械通气患者脱机后的呼吸频率，改善氧合，提高气道湿化效果,减少纤支镜吸痰次数，并降低脱机后再上机率，但拔管后无创呼吸机使用率、72 h内再插管率和ICU住院天数差异无统计学意义。
