Pollutant transport in overland flow over surfaces with spatially varying microtopography,roughness,and infiltration was investigated using the diffusion wave equation and transport rate-based equation.The finite volu...Pollutant transport in overland flow over surfaces with spatially varying microtopography,roughness,and infiltration was investigated using the diffusion wave equation and transport rate-based equation.The finite volume method in space and an implicit backward difference scheme in time were employed in the numerical solution of the 2D governing equations.The developed model was first tested against an analytical solution and an experimental study involving overland flow and the associated pollutant transport,subsequently a series of numerical tests were carried out.Non-point source pollution was investigated under spatially varying microtopography,roughness,and infiltration.The simulation results showed that microtopography and roughness were the dominant factors causing significant spatial variations in solute concentration.When the spatially varying microtopography was replaced by a smooth surface,the result was an overestimation of the solute rate at the outlet of the upland.On the other hand,when the spatially varying roughness was replaced by the average roughness and spatially varying infiltration rate by the average infiltration rate,the pollutant discharge at the outlet of the upland was not significantly affected.The numerical results further showed that one cannot ignore the spatial variations of slope and roughness when investigating the local pollutant concentration distribution.展开更多
Porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics were fabricated by 3D printing combined with low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration(CVI).This technique could effectively improve the designability of porous Si3N4 ceramics and...Porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics were fabricated by 3D printing combined with low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration(CVI).This technique could effectively improve the designability of porous Si3N4 ceramics and optimize the mechanical and dielectric properties.The effects of process parameters including the deposition time and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics were studied.The study highlights following:When CVI processing time was increased from 0 to 12 h,the porosity decreased from68.65%to 26.07%and the density increased from 0.99 to 2.02 g/cm3.At the same time,the dielectric constant gradually increased from 1.72 to 3.60;however,the dielectric loss always remained less than0.01,indicating the excellent electromagnetic(EM)wave-transparent performance of porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics.The maximum flexural strength of 47±2 MPa was achieved when the deposition time attained 6 h.After heat treatment,the porosity increased from 26.07%to 36.02%and the dielectric constant got a slight increase from 3.60 to 3.70 with the dielectric loss still maintaining lower than 0.01.It has been demonstrated that the porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics are a promising structural and EM wave-transparent material suitable for high temperature service.展开更多
Short carbon fibers were treated at high temperatures around 1100℃ through chemical vapor infiltration technology. A thinner layer ofpyrocarbon was deposited on the fiber surface. The dispersion of carbon fibers in a...Short carbon fibers were treated at high temperatures around 1100℃ through chemical vapor infiltration technology. A thinner layer ofpyrocarbon was deposited on the fiber surface. The dispersion of carbon fibers in a cement matrix and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/cement composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and other tests. The reflec- tivity of electromagnetic waves by the composites was measured in the frequency range of 8.0-18 GHz for different carbon fiber contents of 0.2wt%, 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 1.0wt%. The results show that the reflectivity tends to increase with the increase of fiber content above 0.4wt%. The minimum reflectivity is -19.3 dB and the composites exhibit wave-absorbing performances. After pyrocarbon is deposited on the fiber, all the refiectivity data are far greater. They are all above -10 dB and display mainly wave-reflecting performances.展开更多
In this paper, an integrated model based on Finite Element Method (FEM) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has been presented for the runoff simulation of small watersheds. Interception is estimated by an expo...In this paper, an integrated model based on Finite Element Method (FEM) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has been presented for the runoff simulation of small watersheds. Interception is estimated by an exponential model based on Leaf Area Index (LAI). Philip two term model has been used for the estima-tion of infiltration in the watershed. For runoff estimation, diffusion wave equations solved by FEM are used. Interflow has been simulated using FEM based model. The developed integrated model has been applied to Peacheater Creek watershed in USA. Sensitivity analysis of the model has been carried out for various pa-rameters. From the results, it is seen that the model is able to simulate the hydrographs with reasonable ac-curacy. The presented model is useful for runoff estimation in small watersheds.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51009120)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20090101120065)the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau of China (No. 10501-243)
文摘Pollutant transport in overland flow over surfaces with spatially varying microtopography,roughness,and infiltration was investigated using the diffusion wave equation and transport rate-based equation.The finite volume method in space and an implicit backward difference scheme in time were employed in the numerical solution of the 2D governing equations.The developed model was first tested against an analytical solution and an experimental study involving overland flow and the associated pollutant transport,subsequently a series of numerical tests were carried out.Non-point source pollution was investigated under spatially varying microtopography,roughness,and infiltration.The simulation results showed that microtopography and roughness were the dominant factors causing significant spatial variations in solute concentration.When the spatially varying microtopography was replaced by a smooth surface,the result was an overestimation of the solute rate at the outlet of the upland.On the other hand,when the spatially varying roughness was replaced by the average roughness and spatially varying infiltration rate by the average infiltration rate,the pollutant discharge at the outlet of the upland was not significantly affected.The numerical results further showed that one cannot ignore the spatial variations of slope and roughness when investigating the local pollutant concentration distribution.
基金supported by the Chinese National Foundation for Natural Sciences under Contract (Nos. 51602258 and 51672217)111 Project of China (B08040)
文摘Porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics were fabricated by 3D printing combined with low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration(CVI).This technique could effectively improve the designability of porous Si3N4 ceramics and optimize the mechanical and dielectric properties.The effects of process parameters including the deposition time and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics were studied.The study highlights following:When CVI processing time was increased from 0 to 12 h,the porosity decreased from68.65%to 26.07%and the density increased from 0.99 to 2.02 g/cm3.At the same time,the dielectric constant gradually increased from 1.72 to 3.60;however,the dielectric loss always remained less than0.01,indicating the excellent electromagnetic(EM)wave-transparent performance of porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics.The maximum flexural strength of 47±2 MPa was achieved when the deposition time attained 6 h.After heat treatment,the porosity increased from 26.07%to 36.02%and the dielectric constant got a slight increase from 3.60 to 3.70 with the dielectric loss still maintaining lower than 0.01.It has been demonstrated that the porous Si3N4–Si3N4 composite ceramics are a promising structural and EM wave-transparent material suitable for high temperature service.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50172039)
文摘Short carbon fibers were treated at high temperatures around 1100℃ through chemical vapor infiltration technology. A thinner layer ofpyrocarbon was deposited on the fiber surface. The dispersion of carbon fibers in a cement matrix and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/cement composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and other tests. The reflec- tivity of electromagnetic waves by the composites was measured in the frequency range of 8.0-18 GHz for different carbon fiber contents of 0.2wt%, 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 1.0wt%. The results show that the reflectivity tends to increase with the increase of fiber content above 0.4wt%. The minimum reflectivity is -19.3 dB and the composites exhibit wave-absorbing performances. After pyrocarbon is deposited on the fiber, all the refiectivity data are far greater. They are all above -10 dB and display mainly wave-reflecting performances.
文摘In this paper, an integrated model based on Finite Element Method (FEM) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has been presented for the runoff simulation of small watersheds. Interception is estimated by an exponential model based on Leaf Area Index (LAI). Philip two term model has been used for the estima-tion of infiltration in the watershed. For runoff estimation, diffusion wave equations solved by FEM are used. Interflow has been simulated using FEM based model. The developed integrated model has been applied to Peacheater Creek watershed in USA. Sensitivity analysis of the model has been carried out for various pa-rameters. From the results, it is seen that the model is able to simulate the hydrographs with reasonable ac-curacy. The presented model is useful for runoff estimation in small watersheds.
