The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries （LIBs） for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increased number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain not only dangerous heavy metals but also t...The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries （LIBs） for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increased number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain not only dangerous heavy metals but also toxic chemicals that pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of an efficient process to recycle spent LIBs for both economic aspects and environmental protection. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art processes for metal recycling from spent LIBs, introduce the structure of a LIB, and summarize all available technologies that are used in different recovery processes. It is notable that metal extraction and pretreatment play impor- tant roles in the whole recovery process, based on one or more of the principles of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, and so forth. By further comparing different recycling methods, existing challenges are identified and suggestions for improving the recycling effectiveness can be proposed.展开更多
A coordinative disposal process for treatment of electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid containing Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe etc., has been developed to recover valuable metals and to eliminate poll...A coordinative disposal process for treatment of electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid containing Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe etc., has been developed to recover valuable metals and to eliminate pollution. The recovery of Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr is 94%, 91%, 90% and 95%, respectively. The ammonia was recycled by the simplified process of CaO caustic distillation. The precipitated product of Cu, Ni and Zn obtained from caustic distillation of ammonia was separated by extraction or high\|pressure hydrogen reduction in an autoclave. The qualified metal salt products were obtained through extraction. The rich chromium residue from coordinative disposal was subjected to recover Cr by hydrothermal oxidation in NaOH medium and Fe\-3O\-4 was synthesized by wet methods from the residue produced by extracting Cr. Cr was a stable chemical fixed in Fe\-3O\-4 and harmless. The recovery process has been used in a pilot plant with sludge production capacity of 2000 t/a.展开更多
The number of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is steadily increasing in order to meet the ever-growing demand for sustainable energy and a high quality of life for humankind.At the same time,the resulting large number of L...The number of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is steadily increasing in order to meet the ever-growing demand for sustainable energy and a high quality of life for humankind.At the same time,the resulting large number of LIB waste certainly poses safety hazards if it is not properly disposed of and will seriously harm the environment due to its inherent toxicity due to the use of toxic substances.Moreover,the consumption of many scarce precious metal resources is behind the mass production of batteries.In the light of severe environmental,resources,safety and recycling problems,recycling spent LIBs have become an essential urgently needed action to achieve sustainable social development.This review therefore critically analyses the value and the need for recycling of spent LIBs from a variety of resources and the environment.A range of existing technologies for recycling and reusing spent LIBs,such as pretreatment,pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycled methods,is subsequently summarized exclusively.In addition,the benefits and problems of the methods described above are analyzed in detail.It also introduces recycling progress of other LIB components,such as anodes,separators,and electrolytes,as well as the high-value cathode.Finally,the prospects for recycling LIBs are addressed in four ways(government,users,battery manufacturers,and recyclers).This review should contribute to the development of the recycling of used LIBs,particularly in support of industrialization and recycling processes.展开更多
To separate MA （Am, Cm） and some fission product elements （FPs） such as Tc, Pd, Cs and Sr from high level liquid waste （HLLW） systematically, we have been studying an advanced aqueous partitioning process, which...To separate MA （Am, Cm） and some fission product elements （FPs） such as Tc, Pd, Cs and Sr from high level liquid waste （HLLW） systematically, we have been studying an advanced aqueous partitioning process, which uses selective adsorption as the separation method. For this process, we prepared several novel adsorbents which were immobilized in a porous sili- c^polymer composite support （SiO2-P）. Adsorption and separation behavior of various elements was studied experimentally in detail. Small scale separation tests using simulated HLLW solutions were carried out. Pd（II） was strongly adsorbed by the AR-01 anion exchanger and effectively eluted off by using thiourea. Successful separation of Pd（ll） from simulated HLLW was achieved. Te（VII） also exhibited strong adsorption on AR-01 and could be eluted off by using U（IV） as a reductive eluent. Am（Ⅲ） presented significantly high adsorbability and selectivity onto R-BTP/SiOz-P adsorbents over various FPs including Ln（Ⅲ）. The R-BTP adsorbents were fairly stable in 3 M HNO3, but instable against 7-irradiation-3M HNO3. An advanced par- titioning process consisting of three separation columns for the target elements separation from HLLW was proposed and the obtained experiment results indicated that the proposed process is essentially feasible.展开更多
Zinc leaching residue(ZLR),produced from traditional zinc hydrometallurgy process,is not only a hazardous waste but also a potential valuable solid.The combination of sulfate roasting and water leaching was employed t...Zinc leaching residue(ZLR),produced from traditional zinc hydrometallurgy process,is not only a hazardous waste but also a potential valuable solid.The combination of sulfate roasting and water leaching was employed to recover the valuable metals from ZLR.The ZLR was initially roasted with ferric sulfate at640°C for1h with ferric sulfate/zinc ferrite mole ratio of1.2.In this process,the valuable metals were efficiently transformed into water soluble sulfate,while iron remains as ferric oxide.Thereafter,water leaching was conducted to extract the valuable metals sulfate for recovery.The recovery rates of zinc,manganese,copper,cadmium and iron were92.4%,93.3%,99.3%,91.4%and1.1%,respectively.A leaching toxicity test for ZLR was performed after water leaching.The results indicated that the final residue was effectively detoxified and all of the heavy metal leaching concentrations were under the allowable limit.展开更多
Conservation of ancient and large trees in domestic and overseas cities was compared, ancient and large trees were regarded as important cultural relics playing an important role in optimizing urban natural environmen...Conservation of ancient and large trees in domestic and overseas cities was compared, ancient and large trees were regarded as important cultural relics playing an important role in optimizing urban natural environment and enriching urban humanistic and natural landscapes, and they were also important contents of urban garden works symbolizing urban parks. A case study was carried out Yunqizhujing Park to study conservation of ancient and large trees in park green spaces of Hangzhou City, solutions to current problems were proposed, and constructive suggestions were given for the conservation of ancient and large trees in urban park green spaces.展开更多
To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparat...To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization.展开更多
The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant c...The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant challenges from environmental,economic,and resource management perspectives.This review paper focuses on the pyrometallurgy-based recycling process of lithium-ion batteries,exploring the fundamental understanding of this process and the importance of its optimization.Centering on the high energy consumption and emission gas issues of the pyrometallurgical recycling process,we systematically analyzed the capital-intensive nature of this process and the resulting technological characteristics.Furthermore,we conducted an in-depth discussion on the future research directions to overcome the existing technological barriers and limitations.This review will provide valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders in the battery recycling field.展开更多
The lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been widely equipped in electric/hybrid electric vehicles(EVs/HEVs)and the portable electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performances.However,a large number of retired...The lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been widely equipped in electric/hybrid electric vehicles(EVs/HEVs)and the portable electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performances.However,a large number of retired LIBs that consist of toxic substances(e.g.,heavy metals,electrolytes)and valuable metals(e.g.,Li,Co)will inevitably flow into the waste stream,and their incineration or landfill treatment will cause severe risks to ecosystem and human beings.The sustainable and efficient treatment or recycling of valuable resources from spent LIBs should be fully recognized for environmental and resource security.As one of the most important processes for spent LIBs recycling,the pretreatment is an indispensable step,which is directly related to the subsequent metal extraction and separation processes.Although considerable progresses have been made regarding the pretreatment technologies,there are few summarized reports concerning critical processes of spent LIBs recycling,especially combination of currently available recycling technologies with industrialized applications during pretreatments.Therefore,comprehensive review of the current prevailing pretreatment technologies in laboratory to existing scale-up applications is quite necessary to reveal cutting-edge development in the field of pretreatment.In this review,the current pretreatment technologies are systematically categorized and introduced,along with critical discussions.This review focused on the various options for pretreatment processes itself,instead of general spent LIBs recycling technologies without the focused topics that have been sophisticatedly reviewed by previous studies.Here,the deactivation,discharge,dismantling,separation,liberation of active material and electrolyte treatment have been summarized with the in-depth discussion of the technology development and current status of each category.Finally,current states of industrial development are also reviewed and discussed for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly recyclin展开更多
Precipitation and impregnation procedures unevenly distribute metals on zeolite,limiting chemical transformation in Lewis-acid,Brönsted-acid and metal-catalyzed tandem reactions.Although,heterogeneous multitask t...Precipitation and impregnation procedures unevenly distribute metals on zeolite,limiting chemical transformation in Lewis-acid,Brönsted-acid and metal-catalyzed tandem reactions.Although,heterogeneous multitask transition metals oxides@zeolites are promising catalysts for sustainable processes;nevertheless,synthesis is fascinating and complex.Herein,the construction of purposely designed multitask materials segregated in selective shells reveals the remarkable spatial organization of metals-zeolite,resulting in them being suitable for a wide range of tandem reactions.The synthesis of multi-site catalysts begins with a universal wet chemistry approach that yields nickel oxide(NiO)crystals.Then,the NiO crystals are stabilized using cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,followed by achieving cross-linking carbon growth by emulsion polymerization of glucose in hydrothermal treatment to yield uniformed NiO@carbon spheres(NiO@CSs).Next,sequential adsorption of cobalt cations and colloidal ZSM-5(1%in H_(2)O,mass fraction),followed by calcination in air,yielded NiO@cobalt oxide@zeolite denoted as NiO@Co_(3)O_(4)@ZEO hollow spheres.The hollowing mechanism and materials segregation within shells are revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and X-ray diffraction.The finding advances the rational synthesis of heterogenous core-shell hollow structures for various gas phase catalytic tandem reactions to yield valuable chemicals.展开更多
Lead, zinc, and iron were recovered from jarosite residues using direct reduction followed by magnetic separation. The influence of the coal dosage, reduction temperature, and reduction time on the volatilization rate...Lead, zinc, and iron were recovered from jarosite residues using direct reduction followed by magnetic separation. The influence of the coal dosage, reduction temperature, and reduction time on the volatilization rates of lead and zinc and the metallization rate of iron were investigated. The results show that the volatilization rates of lead and zinc were 96.97% and 99.89%, respectively, and the iron metallization rate was 91.97% under the optimal reduction roasting conditions of a coal dosage of 25.0 wt% and reduction roasting at 1250°C for 60 min. The magnetic concentrate with an iron content of 90.59 wt% and an iron recovery rate of 50.87% was obtained under the optimum conditions in which 96.56% of the reduction product particles were smaller than 37 μm and the magnetic field strength was 24 k A/m. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that recovering valuable metals such as lead, zinc, and iron from jarosite residues is feasible using the developed approach.展开更多
With the aim of high-efficiency utilization of Dandong ludwigite ore, a new process of metallizing reduction and mag- netic separation was proposed, and the effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, carbon rat...With the aim of high-efficiency utilization of Dandong ludwigite ore, a new process of metallizing reduction and mag- netic separation was proposed, and the effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, carbon ratio, ore size and coal size on the efficiency of the process were investigated in details, and relevant mechanisms were elucidated by SEM and EDS. The optimum technological parameters for metallizing reduction and magnetic separation on ludwigite ore were obtained as reduction tempera- ture of 1 250 ℃, reduction time of 60 min, carbon ratio of 1.4, ore size of 0.500-2.000 mm, and coal size of 0.50-1.50 mm. After adopting the optimum parameters, the iron content and recovery ratio of iron in magnetic substance are 87.78% and 88.02%, re- spectively, while the recovery ratios of boron, magnesium and silicon in non-magnetic substance are 88.86%, 94.60% and 98.66%, respectively. After metallizing reduction and magnetic separation, valuable elements of ludwigite ore could be separated and uti- lized in subsequent steelmaking process and hydrometallurgy process.展开更多
Given the grim situation of global warming and energy crisis,replacing traditional energy conversions based on carbon cycle with water cycle is a sustainable development trend.The synergistic electrocatalysis for valu...Given the grim situation of global warming and energy crisis,replacing traditional energy conversions based on carbon cycle with water cycle is a sustainable development trend.The synergistic electrocatalysis for value-added chemical production through oxygen species(O_(ads):OH^(*),O^(*),and OOH^(*))and the active hydrogen species(H_(ads))derived from water splitting powered by“green”electricity from renewable energy resource(wind,solar,etc.)is a promising manner,because of its reduced energy consumption and emission and high Faradaic efficiency.The study and summarization of catalytic mechanism of synergistic electrocatalysis are particularly significant,but are rarely involved.In this review,recent progress of various synergistic electrocatalysis systems for generating valuable products based on water cycle is systematically summarized.Importantly,the catalytic mechanism of synergistic electrocatalysis and the positive effect of O_(ads) and H_(ads) species produced by water splitting during the synergistic electrocatalytsis are detailedly elucidated.Furthermore,the regulation of water-derived O_(ads) and H_(ads) species for achieving efficient matchability of synergistic electrocatalysis is emphatically discussed.Finally,we propose the limitations and future goals of this synergistic system based on water cycle.This review is guidance for design of synergistic electrocatalysis architectures for producing valuable substances based on water cycle.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge financial support on this research from the ＂1000 talents program＂ of China （Zhi Sun）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51425405）. This research was also supported by the National Science-Technology Support Program （2015 BAB02B05）.
文摘The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries （LIBs） for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increased number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain not only dangerous heavy metals but also toxic chemicals that pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of an efficient process to recycle spent LIBs for both economic aspects and environmental protection. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art processes for metal recycling from spent LIBs, introduce the structure of a LIB, and summarize all available technologies that are used in different recovery processes. It is notable that metal extraction and pretreatment play impor- tant roles in the whole recovery process, based on one or more of the principles of pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, and so forth. By further comparing different recycling methods, existing challenges are identified and suggestions for improving the recycling effectiveness can be proposed.
文摘A coordinative disposal process for treatment of electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid containing Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe etc., has been developed to recover valuable metals and to eliminate pollution. The recovery of Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr is 94%, 91%, 90% and 95%, respectively. The ammonia was recycled by the simplified process of CaO caustic distillation. The precipitated product of Cu, Ni and Zn obtained from caustic distillation of ammonia was separated by extraction or high\|pressure hydrogen reduction in an autoclave. The qualified metal salt products were obtained through extraction. The rich chromium residue from coordinative disposal was subjected to recover Cr by hydrothermal oxidation in NaOH medium and Fe\-3O\-4 was synthesized by wet methods from the residue produced by extracting Cr. Cr was a stable chemical fixed in Fe\-3O\-4 and harmless. The recovery process has been used in a pilot plant with sludge production capacity of 2000 t/a.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173246)the 111 Project(B13013).
文摘The number of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is steadily increasing in order to meet the ever-growing demand for sustainable energy and a high quality of life for humankind.At the same time,the resulting large number of LIB waste certainly poses safety hazards if it is not properly disposed of and will seriously harm the environment due to its inherent toxicity due to the use of toxic substances.Moreover,the consumption of many scarce precious metal resources is behind the mass production of batteries.In the light of severe environmental,resources,safety and recycling problems,recycling spent LIBs have become an essential urgently needed action to achieve sustainable social development.This review therefore critically analyses the value and the need for recycling of spent LIBs from a variety of resources and the environment.A range of existing technologies for recycling and reusing spent LIBs,such as pretreatment,pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycled methods,is subsequently summarized exclusively.In addition,the benefits and problems of the methods described above are analyzed in detail.It also introduces recycling progress of other LIB components,such as anodes,separators,and electrolytes,as well as the high-value cathode.Finally,the prospects for recycling LIBs are addressed in four ways(government,users,battery manufacturers,and recyclers).This review should contribute to the development of the recycling of used LIBs,particularly in support of industrialization and recycling processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91026019,91126006)
文摘To separate MA （Am, Cm） and some fission product elements （FPs） such as Tc, Pd, Cs and Sr from high level liquid waste （HLLW） systematically, we have been studying an advanced aqueous partitioning process, which uses selective adsorption as the separation method. For this process, we prepared several novel adsorbents which were immobilized in a porous sili- c^polymer composite support （SiO2-P）. Adsorption and separation behavior of various elements was studied experimentally in detail. Small scale separation tests using simulated HLLW solutions were carried out. Pd（II） was strongly adsorbed by the AR-01 anion exchanger and effectively eluted off by using thiourea. Successful separation of Pd（ll） from simulated HLLW was achieved. Te（VII） also exhibited strong adsorption on AR-01 and could be eluted off by using U（IV） as a reductive eluent. Am（Ⅲ） presented significantly high adsorbability and selectivity onto R-BTP/SiOz-P adsorbents over various FPs including Ln（Ⅲ）. The R-BTP adsorbents were fairly stable in 3 M HNO3, but instable against 7-irradiation-3M HNO3. An advanced par- titioning process consisting of three separation columns for the target elements separation from HLLW was proposed and the obtained experiment results indicated that the proposed process is essentially feasible.
基金Project(2014FJ1011)supported by Key Project of Science and Technology of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(201509050)supported by Program for Special Scientific Research Projects of National Public Welfare Industry
文摘Zinc leaching residue(ZLR),produced from traditional zinc hydrometallurgy process,is not only a hazardous waste but also a potential valuable solid.The combination of sulfate roasting and water leaching was employed to recover the valuable metals from ZLR.The ZLR was initially roasted with ferric sulfate at640°C for1h with ferric sulfate/zinc ferrite mole ratio of1.2.In this process,the valuable metals were efficiently transformed into water soluble sulfate,while iron remains as ferric oxide.Thereafter,water leaching was conducted to extract the valuable metals sulfate for recovery.The recovery rates of zinc,manganese,copper,cadmium and iron were92.4%,93.3%,99.3%,91.4%and1.1%,respectively.A leaching toxicity test for ZLR was performed after water leaching.The results indicated that the final residue was effectively detoxified and all of the heavy metal leaching concentrations were under the allowable limit.
基金Supported by Lin’an Scientific and Technological Program of Zhejiang Province(200933)Hangzhou Social Development Scientific Research Program of Zhejiang Province(20100933B34)
文摘Conservation of ancient and large trees in domestic and overseas cities was compared, ancient and large trees were regarded as important cultural relics playing an important role in optimizing urban natural environment and enriching urban humanistic and natural landscapes, and they were also important contents of urban garden works symbolizing urban parks. A case study was carried out Yunqizhujing Park to study conservation of ancient and large trees in park green spaces of Hangzhou City, solutions to current problems were proposed, and constructive suggestions were given for the conservation of ancient and large trees in urban park green spaces.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund(No.52204419)the Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2022-BS-076)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(No.2021AA12013)。
文摘To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization.
基金the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of the Republic of Korea(No.20022950)。
文摘The global importance of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasingly underscored with the advancement of high-performance energy storage technologies.However,the end-of-life of these batteries poses significant challenges from environmental,economic,and resource management perspectives.This review paper focuses on the pyrometallurgy-based recycling process of lithium-ion batteries,exploring the fundamental understanding of this process and the importance of its optimization.Centering on the high energy consumption and emission gas issues of the pyrometallurgical recycling process,we systematically analyzed the capital-intensive nature of this process and the resulting technological characteristics.Furthermore,we conducted an in-depth discussion on the future research directions to overcome the existing technological barriers and limitations.This review will provide valuable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders in the battery recycling field.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074177 and 52174391)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan,China(No.2017TP1001)。
文摘The lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been widely equipped in electric/hybrid electric vehicles(EVs/HEVs)and the portable electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performances.However,a large number of retired LIBs that consist of toxic substances(e.g.,heavy metals,electrolytes)and valuable metals(e.g.,Li,Co)will inevitably flow into the waste stream,and their incineration or landfill treatment will cause severe risks to ecosystem and human beings.The sustainable and efficient treatment or recycling of valuable resources from spent LIBs should be fully recognized for environmental and resource security.As one of the most important processes for spent LIBs recycling,the pretreatment is an indispensable step,which is directly related to the subsequent metal extraction and separation processes.Although considerable progresses have been made regarding the pretreatment technologies,there are few summarized reports concerning critical processes of spent LIBs recycling,especially combination of currently available recycling technologies with industrialized applications during pretreatments.Therefore,comprehensive review of the current prevailing pretreatment technologies in laboratory to existing scale-up applications is quite necessary to reveal cutting-edge development in the field of pretreatment.In this review,the current pretreatment technologies are systematically categorized and introduced,along with critical discussions.This review focused on the various options for pretreatment processes itself,instead of general spent LIBs recycling technologies without the focused topics that have been sophisticatedly reviewed by previous studies.Here,the deactivation,discharge,dismantling,separation,liberation of active material and electrolyte treatment have been summarized with the in-depth discussion of the technology development and current status of each category.Finally,current states of industrial development are also reviewed and discussed for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly recyclin
文摘Precipitation and impregnation procedures unevenly distribute metals on zeolite,limiting chemical transformation in Lewis-acid,Brönsted-acid and metal-catalyzed tandem reactions.Although,heterogeneous multitask transition metals oxides@zeolites are promising catalysts for sustainable processes;nevertheless,synthesis is fascinating and complex.Herein,the construction of purposely designed multitask materials segregated in selective shells reveals the remarkable spatial organization of metals-zeolite,resulting in them being suitable for a wide range of tandem reactions.The synthesis of multi-site catalysts begins with a universal wet chemistry approach that yields nickel oxide(NiO)crystals.Then,the NiO crystals are stabilized using cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,followed by achieving cross-linking carbon growth by emulsion polymerization of glucose in hydrothermal treatment to yield uniformed NiO@carbon spheres(NiO@CSs).Next,sequential adsorption of cobalt cations and colloidal ZSM-5(1%in H_(2)O,mass fraction),followed by calcination in air,yielded NiO@cobalt oxide@zeolite denoted as NiO@Co_(3)O_(4)@ZEO hollow spheres.The hollowing mechanism and materials segregation within shells are revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and X-ray diffraction.The finding advances the rational synthesis of heterogenous core-shell hollow structures for various gas phase catalytic tandem reactions to yield valuable chemicals.
文摘Lead, zinc, and iron were recovered from jarosite residues using direct reduction followed by magnetic separation. The influence of the coal dosage, reduction temperature, and reduction time on the volatilization rates of lead and zinc and the metallization rate of iron were investigated. The results show that the volatilization rates of lead and zinc were 96.97% and 99.89%, respectively, and the iron metallization rate was 91.97% under the optimal reduction roasting conditions of a coal dosage of 25.0 wt% and reduction roasting at 1250°C for 60 min. The magnetic concentrate with an iron content of 90.59 wt% and an iron recovery rate of 50.87% was obtained under the optimum conditions in which 96.56% of the reduction product particles were smaller than 37 μm and the magnetic field strength was 24 k A/m. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that recovering valuable metals such as lead, zinc, and iron from jarosite residues is feasible using the developed approach.
基金Sponsored by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20100042110004)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(090502004,140206003)
文摘With the aim of high-efficiency utilization of Dandong ludwigite ore, a new process of metallizing reduction and mag- netic separation was proposed, and the effects of reduction temperature, reduction time, carbon ratio, ore size and coal size on the efficiency of the process were investigated in details, and relevant mechanisms were elucidated by SEM and EDS. The optimum technological parameters for metallizing reduction and magnetic separation on ludwigite ore were obtained as reduction tempera- ture of 1 250 ℃, reduction time of 60 min, carbon ratio of 1.4, ore size of 0.500-2.000 mm, and coal size of 0.50-1.50 mm. After adopting the optimum parameters, the iron content and recovery ratio of iron in magnetic substance are 87.78% and 88.02%, re- spectively, while the recovery ratios of boron, magnesium and silicon in non-magnetic substance are 88.86%, 94.60% and 98.66%, respectively. After metallizing reduction and magnetic separation, valuable elements of ludwigite ore could be separated and uti- lized in subsequent steelmaking process and hydrometallurgy process.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20250,22171074,91961111,and 21901064)the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.YQ2021B009)+1 种基金the Reform and Development Fund Project of Local University supported by the Central Government(Outstanding Youth Program)the Basic Research Fund of Heilongjiang University in Heilongjiang Province(No.2021-KYYWF-0031).
文摘Given the grim situation of global warming and energy crisis,replacing traditional energy conversions based on carbon cycle with water cycle is a sustainable development trend.The synergistic electrocatalysis for value-added chemical production through oxygen species(O_(ads):OH^(*),O^(*),and OOH^(*))and the active hydrogen species(H_(ads))derived from water splitting powered by“green”electricity from renewable energy resource(wind,solar,etc.)is a promising manner,because of its reduced energy consumption and emission and high Faradaic efficiency.The study and summarization of catalytic mechanism of synergistic electrocatalysis are particularly significant,but are rarely involved.In this review,recent progress of various synergistic electrocatalysis systems for generating valuable products based on water cycle is systematically summarized.Importantly,the catalytic mechanism of synergistic electrocatalysis and the positive effect of O_(ads) and H_(ads) species produced by water splitting during the synergistic electrocatalytsis are detailedly elucidated.Furthermore,the regulation of water-derived O_(ads) and H_(ads) species for achieving efficient matchability of synergistic electrocatalysis is emphatically discussed.Finally,we propose the limitations and future goals of this synergistic system based on water cycle.This review is guidance for design of synergistic electrocatalysis architectures for producing valuable substances based on water cycle.
