To examine the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program as an alternative to an oil palm plantation in West Kutai district of East Kalimantan, we determined the profitability of lan...To examine the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program as an alternative to an oil palm plantation in West Kutai district of East Kalimantan, we determined the profitability of land use and REDD+, and the land use preferences and practices of the local people, as well as their participation in and preferences for forestry programs. Our findings indicate the following: 1) the profitability of an oil palm plantation was higher than that from other land uses and the REDD+ program;2) the local preferences for land uses were mostly consistent with the profitability of the land uses, except for oil palm plantation due to non-financial concerns;3) the local people combined each land use in accordance with their various needs;and 4) the local people were interested in a Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) program in nonforestry zones. Considering these evidences, an improved RHL program based on an intensive agroforestry system and a conservation-based REDD+ program based on existing customary conservation forest management by the local people are proposed. Given the high opportunity cost and the low preference for an oil palm plantation, designing the REDD+ program by paying attention to the non-financial benefits for a community is a way forward. To enhance the non-financial benefits, it is important to take into consideration local preferences and livelihood activities in designing the REDD+ program. This study also implies the need for a reconsideration of the position of participation of local people in the safeguards of REDD+.展开更多
Research suggests that the prevalence of marijuana use and depression are increasing in the United States. Although it is not entirely clear what accounts for these coincident trends, several studies have shown that t...Research suggests that the prevalence of marijuana use and depression are increasing in the United States. Although it is not entirely clear what accounts for these coincident trends, several studies have shown that these two health concerns are associated among young people. This study assessed four hypotheses regarding the association between marijuana use and depression: 1) whether marijuana use affects subsequent symptoms of depression;2) whether depressive symptoms affect subsequent marijuana use;3) whether they are associated in a bidirectional (reciprocal) manner;and 4) whether the association between the two is confounded by stressful life events. Using eight years of longitudinal data from the Family Wellness and Health Study, a fixed-effects regression model provided empirical support for the first hypothesis only, but not for the others. Future research should explore in greater detail why marijuana use may have a causal impact on experiences with depression among young people.展开更多
Deforestation issues are more problematic when indigenous(adat) communities,living within a forest,have lived there for many generations.These adat communities,who employ traditional land-use,are frequently accused of...Deforestation issues are more problematic when indigenous(adat) communities,living within a forest,have lived there for many generations.These adat communities,who employ traditional land-use,are frequently accused of encroaching on the forest.To understand existing and future trends in the spatial patterns of the expansion of traditional land-use and deforestation,we conducted a case study in the Kandilo Subwatershed using mixed methods with image interpretation,spatial modelling and sociocultural surveys to examine the interrelationships between physical conditions,community characteristics and traditional land-use expansion.We investigated community characteristics through household interviews,communication with key informants,and discussions with focusgroups.By using an area production model,we were able to analyze the effect of improved farming systems,policy intervention and law enforcement on traditional land-use expansion and deforestation.Based on our examination of a 20-year period of traditional land-use activities in adat forests,the evidence indicated that the steeper the slope of the land and the farther the distance from the village,the lower the rate of deforestation.Our study found that customary law,regulating traditional land-use,played an important role in controlling deforestation and land degradation.We conclude that the integration of land allocation,improved farming practices and enforcement of customary law are effective measures to improve traditional land productivity while avoiding deforestation and land degradation.展开更多
Background:The paper reviews alcohol consumption patterns and alcohol-related social and health issues among 15-29-year old young people in Asian countries,and discusses strategies for preventing and controlling alcoh...Background:The paper reviews alcohol consumption patterns and alcohol-related social and health issues among 15-29-year old young people in Asian countries,and discusses strategies for preventing and controlling alcohol use and related harms.Methods:We searched Google Scholar,PubMed,and Web of Science for reports,reviews and journal articles published in English between 1st Jan 1990 and 31st August 2016.Results:Forty-one reports,reviews and journal papers were identified and included in the final review.The current drinking levels and prevalence among young people are markedly different between eight included Asian countries,ranging from 4.2%in Malaysia to 49.3%in China.In a majority of the selected Asian countries,over 15%of total deaths among young men and 6%among young women aged 15-29 years are attributable to alcohol use.Alcohol use among young people is associated with a number of harms,including stress,family violence,injuries,suicide,and sexual and other risky behaviours.Alcohol policies,such as controlling sales,social supply and marketing,setting up/raising a legal drinking age,adding health warning labels on alcohol containers,and developing a surveillance system to monitor drinking pattern and risky drinking behaviour,could be potential means to reduce harmful use of alcohol and related harm among young people in Asia.Conclusions:The review reveals that drinking patterns and behaviours vary across eight selected Asian countries due to culture,policies and regional variations.The research evidence holds substantial policy implications for harm reduction on alcohol drinking among young people in Asian countries-especially for China,which has almost no alcohol control policies at present.展开更多
文摘To examine the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program as an alternative to an oil palm plantation in West Kutai district of East Kalimantan, we determined the profitability of land use and REDD+, and the land use preferences and practices of the local people, as well as their participation in and preferences for forestry programs. Our findings indicate the following: 1) the profitability of an oil palm plantation was higher than that from other land uses and the REDD+ program;2) the local preferences for land uses were mostly consistent with the profitability of the land uses, except for oil palm plantation due to non-financial concerns;3) the local people combined each land use in accordance with their various needs;and 4) the local people were interested in a Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) program in nonforestry zones. Considering these evidences, an improved RHL program based on an intensive agroforestry system and a conservation-based REDD+ program based on existing customary conservation forest management by the local people are proposed. Given the high opportunity cost and the low preference for an oil palm plantation, designing the REDD+ program by paying attention to the non-financial benefits for a community is a way forward. To enhance the non-financial benefits, it is important to take into consideration local preferences and livelihood activities in designing the REDD+ program. This study also implies the need for a reconsideration of the position of participation of local people in the safeguards of REDD+.
文摘Research suggests that the prevalence of marijuana use and depression are increasing in the United States. Although it is not entirely clear what accounts for these coincident trends, several studies have shown that these two health concerns are associated among young people. This study assessed four hypotheses regarding the association between marijuana use and depression: 1) whether marijuana use affects subsequent symptoms of depression;2) whether depressive symptoms affect subsequent marijuana use;3) whether they are associated in a bidirectional (reciprocal) manner;and 4) whether the association between the two is confounded by stressful life events. Using eight years of longitudinal data from the Family Wellness and Health Study, a fixed-effects regression model provided empirical support for the first hypothesis only, but not for the others. Future research should explore in greater detail why marijuana use may have a causal impact on experiences with depression among young people.
基金financially supported with the cooperation between the Tropenbos International Indonesia Program and the Forestry Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry
文摘Deforestation issues are more problematic when indigenous(adat) communities,living within a forest,have lived there for many generations.These adat communities,who employ traditional land-use,are frequently accused of encroaching on the forest.To understand existing and future trends in the spatial patterns of the expansion of traditional land-use and deforestation,we conducted a case study in the Kandilo Subwatershed using mixed methods with image interpretation,spatial modelling and sociocultural surveys to examine the interrelationships between physical conditions,community characteristics and traditional land-use expansion.We investigated community characteristics through household interviews,communication with key informants,and discussions with focusgroups.By using an area production model,we were able to analyze the effect of improved farming systems,policy intervention and law enforcement on traditional land-use expansion and deforestation.Based on our examination of a 20-year period of traditional land-use activities in adat forests,the evidence indicated that the steeper the slope of the land and the farther the distance from the village,the lower the rate of deforestation.Our study found that customary law,regulating traditional land-use,played an important role in controlling deforestation and land degradation.We conclude that the integration of land allocation,improved farming practices and enforcement of customary law are effective measures to improve traditional land productivity while avoiding deforestation and land degradation.
基金funded by the China Medical Board to Xiaojun Xiang(Global Health Project 13–132)by the National Nature Science Foundation of China to Xiaojun Xiang(81571306)H.J’s work was partially funded by the China Studies Research Centre and La Trobe Asia,La Trobe University。
文摘Background:The paper reviews alcohol consumption patterns and alcohol-related social and health issues among 15-29-year old young people in Asian countries,and discusses strategies for preventing and controlling alcohol use and related harms.Methods:We searched Google Scholar,PubMed,and Web of Science for reports,reviews and journal articles published in English between 1st Jan 1990 and 31st August 2016.Results:Forty-one reports,reviews and journal papers were identified and included in the final review.The current drinking levels and prevalence among young people are markedly different between eight included Asian countries,ranging from 4.2%in Malaysia to 49.3%in China.In a majority of the selected Asian countries,over 15%of total deaths among young men and 6%among young women aged 15-29 years are attributable to alcohol use.Alcohol use among young people is associated with a number of harms,including stress,family violence,injuries,suicide,and sexual and other risky behaviours.Alcohol policies,such as controlling sales,social supply and marketing,setting up/raising a legal drinking age,adding health warning labels on alcohol containers,and developing a surveillance system to monitor drinking pattern and risky drinking behaviour,could be potential means to reduce harmful use of alcohol and related harm among young people in Asia.Conclusions:The review reveals that drinking patterns and behaviours vary across eight selected Asian countries due to culture,policies and regional variations.The research evidence holds substantial policy implications for harm reduction on alcohol drinking among young people in Asian countries-especially for China,which has almost no alcohol control policies at present.
