Objective:To investigate the frequency of exoU and exoY genes in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Methods:In this study,100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients hospit...Objective:To investigate the frequency of exoU and exoY genes in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Methods:In this study,100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients hospitalized in educational-therapeutic hospitals and were identified using standard microbiological tests.Then,the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was determined by the disk agar diffusion method.The bacterial DNAs were extracted by the alkaline lysis method.Finally,the presence of exoU and exoY genes was evaluated by the PCR test.Results:In this study,47%,72%,29%,39%,40%,and 44%of the isolates were non-susceptible to piperacillin,aztreonam,ceftazidime,imipenem,tobramycin,and ciprofloxacin,respectively.In addition,95%and 93%of the clinical isolates carried the exoU and exoY genes.Blood and fecal isolates had both virulence genes,while only one wound isolate had neither genes.Meanwhile,all urinary isolates contained the exoY gene and only one isolate lacked the exoU gene.Also,88 isolates simultaneously had both exoU and exoY genes.Conclusions:High prevalence of exoU and exoY genes in this region indicates a significant role of typeⅢsecretion system in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The typeⅢsecretion system may be a suitable target to reduce the pathogenicity of this bacterium.展开更多
Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type Ⅲ effectors(T3Es)to cause disease.In this study,we isolate a pathogenic R.solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhi...Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type Ⅲ effectors(T3Es)to cause disease.In this study,we isolate a pathogenic R.solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhizosphere.Five out of 12 core T3Es of strain P380 are introduced into Pseudomonas syringae DC3000D36E separately to determine their functions in interacting with plants.DC3000D36E that harbors each effector suppresses FliC-triggered Pti5 and ACRE31 expression,ROS burst,and callose deposition.RipAE,RipU,and RipW elicit cell death as well as upregulate the MAPK cascades in Nicotiana benthamiana.The derivatives RipC1^(△DDXDX(T/V))and RipW^(△DDKXXQ)but not RipAE^(K310R) fail to suppress ROS burst.Moreover,RipAE^(K310R) and RipW^(△DDKXXQ) retain the cell death elicitation ability.RipAE and RipW are associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways,respectively.RipAE and RipAQ significantly promote the propagation of DC3000D36E in plants.The five core T3Es localize in diverse subcellular organelles of nucleus,plasma membrane,endoplasmic reticulum,and Golgi network.The suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 is required for RipAE but not RipU-triggered cell death in N.benthamiana.These results indicate that the core T3Es in R.solanacearum play diverse roles in plantpathogen interactions.展开更多
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells recognize molecular patterns from the pathogen and mount a response to resolve the infection. The production of pro...The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells recognize molecular patterns from the pathogen and mount a response to resolve the infection. The production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, and induced programmed cell death are processes initiated by innate immune cells in order to combat invading pathogens. However, pathogens have evolved various virulence mechanisms to subvert these responses. One strategy utilized by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the deployment of a complex machine termed the type Ⅲ secretion system(T3SS). The T3SS is composed of a syringe-like needle structure and the effector proteins that are injected directly into a target host cell to disrupt a cellular response. The three human pathogenic Yersinia spp.(Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis) are Gramnegative bacteria that share in common a 70 kb virulence plasmid which encodes the T3 SS. Translocation of the Yersinia effector proteins(YopE, YopH, YopT, YopM, YpkA/YopO, and YopP/J) into the target host cell results in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to inhibit phagocytosis, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, and induction of cellular apoptosis of the target cell. Over the past 25 years, studies on the Yersinia effector proteins have unveiled tremendous knowledge of how the effectors enhance Yersinia virulence. Recently, the long awaited crystal structure of YpkA has been solved providing further insights into the activation of the YpkA kinase domain. Multisite autophosphorylation by YpkA to activate its kinase domain was also shown and postulated to serve as a mechanism to bypass regulation by host phosphatases. In addition, novel Yersinia effector protein targets, such as caspase-1, and signaling pathways including activation of the inflammasome were identified. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries made on Yersinia effector proteins and their contribution to Yersinia path展开更多
细菌性果斑病(Bacterial Fruit Blotch,BFB)是西瓜和甜瓜的重要病害。本实验从发病甜瓜果实上分离得到致病菌株MH21,经鉴定为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenaesubsp.citrulli)。利用转座子Mini-Tn5构建MH21菌株的突变体库,Souther...细菌性果斑病(Bacterial Fruit Blotch,BFB)是西瓜和甜瓜的重要病害。本实验从发病甜瓜果实上分离得到致病菌株MH21,经鉴定为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenaesubsp.citrulli)。利用转座子Mini-Tn5构建MH21菌株的突变体库,Southern印迹杂交结果显示Mini-Tn5在菌株MH21染色体上可随机、单拷贝插入。通过浸种处理甜瓜种子进行突变体的致病性检查,筛选得到1株致病性完全丧失的突变体M543。对M543中转座子插入基因的克隆和测序表明其突变基因为燕麦食酸菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)中的保守基因hrcR。推测菌株MH21中hrcR基因编码的蛋白定位于细菌内膜,是分泌通道主要成分之一。hrcR基因互补菌株的致病性检查结果显示其致病力恢复到野生型的84%。研究同时发现hrcR基因突变后MH21菌株丧失了在烟草上诱导过敏性坏死反应的能力。本研究从遗传学角度说明TTSS是西甜瓜果斑病菌致病性的重要因子。展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the frequency of exoU and exoY genes in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Methods:In this study,100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients hospitalized in educational-therapeutic hospitals and were identified using standard microbiological tests.Then,the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was determined by the disk agar diffusion method.The bacterial DNAs were extracted by the alkaline lysis method.Finally,the presence of exoU and exoY genes was evaluated by the PCR test.Results:In this study,47%,72%,29%,39%,40%,and 44%of the isolates were non-susceptible to piperacillin,aztreonam,ceftazidime,imipenem,tobramycin,and ciprofloxacin,respectively.In addition,95%and 93%of the clinical isolates carried the exoU and exoY genes.Blood and fecal isolates had both virulence genes,while only one wound isolate had neither genes.Meanwhile,all urinary isolates contained the exoY gene and only one isolate lacked the exoU gene.Also,88 isolates simultaneously had both exoU and exoY genes.Conclusions:High prevalence of exoU and exoY genes in this region indicates a significant role of typeⅢsecretion system in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The typeⅢsecretion system may be a suitable target to reduce the pathogenicity of this bacterium.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1002000)the Science and Technology Programs of the Shandong Tobacco(KN273)Zunyi Tobacco(2021XM03).
文摘Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type Ⅲ effectors(T3Es)to cause disease.In this study,we isolate a pathogenic R.solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhizosphere.Five out of 12 core T3Es of strain P380 are introduced into Pseudomonas syringae DC3000D36E separately to determine their functions in interacting with plants.DC3000D36E that harbors each effector suppresses FliC-triggered Pti5 and ACRE31 expression,ROS burst,and callose deposition.RipAE,RipU,and RipW elicit cell death as well as upregulate the MAPK cascades in Nicotiana benthamiana.The derivatives RipC1^(△DDXDX(T/V))and RipW^(△DDKXXQ)but not RipAE^(K310R) fail to suppress ROS burst.Moreover,RipAE^(K310R) and RipW^(△DDKXXQ) retain the cell death elicitation ability.RipAE and RipW are associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways,respectively.RipAE and RipAQ significantly promote the propagation of DC3000D36E in plants.The five core T3Es localize in diverse subcellular organelles of nucleus,plasma membrane,endoplasmic reticulum,and Golgi network.The suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 is required for RipAE but not RipU-triggered cell death in N.benthamiana.These results indicate that the core T3Es in R.solanacearum play diverse roles in plantpathogen interactions.
基金Supported by the ASM Robert D Watkins Graduate FellowshipUC Davis Hellman Fellowship
文摘The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells recognize molecular patterns from the pathogen and mount a response to resolve the infection. The production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, and induced programmed cell death are processes initiated by innate immune cells in order to combat invading pathogens. However, pathogens have evolved various virulence mechanisms to subvert these responses. One strategy utilized by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the deployment of a complex machine termed the type Ⅲ secretion system(T3SS). The T3SS is composed of a syringe-like needle structure and the effector proteins that are injected directly into a target host cell to disrupt a cellular response. The three human pathogenic Yersinia spp.(Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis) are Gramnegative bacteria that share in common a 70 kb virulence plasmid which encodes the T3 SS. Translocation of the Yersinia effector proteins(YopE, YopH, YopT, YopM, YpkA/YopO, and YopP/J) into the target host cell results in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to inhibit phagocytosis, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, and induction of cellular apoptosis of the target cell. Over the past 25 years, studies on the Yersinia effector proteins have unveiled tremendous knowledge of how the effectors enhance Yersinia virulence. Recently, the long awaited crystal structure of YpkA has been solved providing further insights into the activation of the YpkA kinase domain. Multisite autophosphorylation by YpkA to activate its kinase domain was also shown and postulated to serve as a mechanism to bypass regulation by host phosphatases. In addition, novel Yersinia effector protein targets, such as caspase-1, and signaling pathways including activation of the inflammasome were identified. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries made on Yersinia effector proteins and their contribution to Yersinia path
文摘细菌性果斑病(Bacterial Fruit Blotch,BFB)是西瓜和甜瓜的重要病害。本实验从发病甜瓜果实上分离得到致病菌株MH21,经鉴定为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenaesubsp.citrulli)。利用转座子Mini-Tn5构建MH21菌株的突变体库,Southern印迹杂交结果显示Mini-Tn5在菌株MH21染色体上可随机、单拷贝插入。通过浸种处理甜瓜种子进行突变体的致病性检查,筛选得到1株致病性完全丧失的突变体M543。对M543中转座子插入基因的克隆和测序表明其突变基因为燕麦食酸菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(TTSS)中的保守基因hrcR。推测菌株MH21中hrcR基因编码的蛋白定位于细菌内膜,是分泌通道主要成分之一。hrcR基因互补菌株的致病性检查结果显示其致病力恢复到野生型的84%。研究同时发现hrcR基因突变后MH21菌株丧失了在烟草上诱导过敏性坏死反应的能力。本研究从遗传学角度说明TTSS是西甜瓜果斑病菌致病性的重要因子。
文摘许多革兰氏阴性菌借助Ⅲ型分泌系统黏附在宿主细胞表面,然后跨越胞膜将特异性蛋白注入宿主细胞内,破坏宿主细胞内的多种信号通路,从而有利于细菌的感染及定殖。在肠致病性大肠杆菌(Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,EPEC)中,除了肠细胞脱落位点(Locus of entericyte effacement,LEE)毒力岛编码的Ⅲ型分泌系统(Type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)外,在分析肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的基因组序列时发现一个新的Ⅲ型分泌系统,大肠杆菌Ⅲ型分泌系统2(Escherichia coli type Ⅲ secretion system 2,ETT2)毒力岛。研究显示,ETT2可能在大多数菌株中不具有完整的分泌系统功能,但是其对于细菌毒力的发挥具有重要作用。因此,本文简要综述了大肠杆菌ETT2的基因特征、ETT2的分布与流行、ETT2的功能与机制等方面的主要研究进展。
