Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology.Several types of immunotherapy,including adoptive cell transfer(ACT)and immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),have obtained ...Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology.Several types of immunotherapy,including adoptive cell transfer(ACT)and immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),have obtained durable clinical responses,but their efficacies vary,and only subsets of cancer patients can benefit from them.Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment(TME)have been shown to play a key role in tumor development and will affect the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.Comprehensive profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer–immune evasion,thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.However,the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME impedes the precise dissection of intratumoral immune cells.With recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)and mass cytometry,systematic interrogation of the TME is feasible and will provide insights into the functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.In this review,we outline the recent progress in cancer immunotherapy,particularly by focusing on landmark studies and the recent single-cell characterization of tumor-associated immune cells,and we summarize the phenotypic diversities of intratumoral immune cells and their connections with cancer immunotherapy.We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in cancer immunotherapy,facilitate the elucidation of immune cell modulation in tumor progression,and thus guide the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.展开更多
Background Astragalus polysaccharides （APS）, the main active extract from Astragalus membranaceus （a traditional Chinese medicinal herb）, is associated with a variety of immunomodulatory activities. The purpose of...Background Astragalus polysaccharides （APS）, the main active extract from Astragalus membranaceus （a traditional Chinese medicinal herb）, is associated with a variety of immunomodulatory activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of APS on the function of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment of human hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and to identify the pharmacologic mechanism of APS responsible for the anti-chemotactic activity in CD4＋CD25^highTreq cells in tumor site of HCC.展开更多
免疫和炎症构成肿瘤微环境的两大核心,但两者之间关系并不清楚。髓源抑制性细胞(myeloid derived suppressorcell,MDSC)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)等抑制性细胞趋化至肿瘤部位可抑制炎症,而非介导肿瘤免疫逃逸;肥大细胞则...免疫和炎症构成肿瘤微环境的两大核心,但两者之间关系并不清楚。髓源抑制性细胞(myeloid derived suppressorcell,MDSC)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)等抑制性细胞趋化至肿瘤部位可抑制炎症,而非介导肿瘤免疫逃逸;肥大细胞则通过对MDSC和Treg的调节,介导免疫和炎症的对话;作为肿瘤微环境中基本信号通路的Toll样信号可以直接调节免疫和炎症,并通过微颗粒途径精细调控肿瘤炎症的稳定。不管肿瘤炎症和免疫的关系如何复杂而交错,一般认为,肿瘤微环境的抗肿瘤免疫和炎症呈现出一种负相关关系,即在肿瘤的早期,免疫反应较强而炎症较弱;但在肿瘤的后期,免疫反应较弱而炎症较强。展开更多
The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of the tumor microenvironment(TME).Recently,TME modulation strategies have attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy.Despit...The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of the tumor microenvironment(TME).Recently,TME modulation strategies have attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy.Despite the preliminary success of immunotherapeutic agents,their therapeutic effects have been restricted by the limited retention time of drugs in TME.Compared with traditional delivery systems,nanoparticles with unique physical properties and elaborate design can efficiently penetrate TME and specifically deliver to the major components in TME.In this review,we briefly introduce the substitutes of TME including dendritic cells,macrophages,fibroblasts,tumor vasculature,tumor-draining lymph nodes and hypoxic state,then review various nanoparticles targeting these components and their applications in tumor therapy.In addition,nanoparticles could be combined with other therapies,including chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and photodynamic therapy,however,the nanoplatform delivery system may not be effective in all types of tumors due to the heterogeneity of different tumors and individuals.The changes of TME at various stages during tumor development are required to be further elucidated so that more individualized nanoplatforms could be designed.展开更多
Tumor microenvironment （TME） has received more and more attention as modern medical research has begun to understand its importance in tumorigenesis. The occurrence, development, metastasis and drug resistance of tu...Tumor microenvironment （TME） has received more and more attention as modern medical research has begun to understand its importance in tumorigenesis. The occurrence, development, metastasis and drug resistance of tumors are closely related to TME. TME is a complicated system, including nontumor cells, their secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix, among other components. The concepts of wholism and multitarget regulation in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） make it well suited to the regulation of TME. in this paper, the authors reviewed the progress of TME research and the effect of TCM on TME, providing some views of Chinese medicine in antitumor research.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when tumor cell dissemination has taken place. Chemo-and targeted therapies provide only a limited increase of overall survival for these patients. The ma...Colorectal cancer(CRC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when tumor cell dissemination has taken place. Chemo-and targeted therapies provide only a limited increase of overall survival for these patients. The major reason for clinical outcome finds its origin in therapy resistance. Escape mechanisms to both chemo-and targeted therapy remain the main culprits. Here, we evaluate major resistant mechanisms and elaborate on potential new therapies. Amongst promising therapies is α-amanitin antibodydrug conjugate targeting hemizygous p53 loss. It becomes clear that a dynamic interaction with the tumor microenvironment exists and that this dictates therapeutic outcome. In addition, CRC displays a limited response to checkpoint inhibitors, as only a minority of patients with microsatellite instable high tumors is susceptible. In this review, we highlight new developments with clinical potentials to augment responses to checkpoint inhibitors.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a very poor prognosis. In the United States, there has been onl...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a very poor prognosis. In the United States, there has been only minimal improvement in the prognosis for HCC patients over the past 15 years. Details of the molecular mechanisms and other mechanisms of HCC progression remain unclear. Consequently, there is an urgent need for better understanding of these mechanisms. HCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and most patients will therefore need systemic therapy, with sorafenib being the most common at the present time. However, sorafenib therapy only minimally enhances patient survival. This review provides a summary of some of the known mechanisms that either cause HCC or contribute to its progression. Included in this review are the roles of viral hepatitis, non-viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol intake, genetic predisposition and congenital abnormalities, toxic exposures, and autoimmune diseases of the liver. Well-established molecular mechanisms of HCC progression such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor-stromal interactions and the tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells, and senescence bypass are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss the roles of circulating tumor cells,immunomodulation, and neural regulation as potential new mechanisms of HCC progression. A better understanding of these mechanisms could have implications for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic and prognostic strategies, which are critically needed.展开更多
Tumor cells along with a small proportion of cancer stem cells exist in a stromal microenvironment consisting of vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells and extracellular components.Recent epidemiolog...Tumor cells along with a small proportion of cancer stem cells exist in a stromal microenvironment consisting of vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells and extracellular components.Recent epidemiological and clinical studies strongly support that vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced cancer risk and favorable prognosis. Experimental results suggest that vitamin D not only suppresses cancer cells, but also regulates tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor repression. In this review, we have outlined the current knowledge on epidemiological studies and clinical trials of vitamin D. Notably, wesummarized and discussed the anticancer action of vitamin D in cancer cells, cancer stem cells and stroma cells in tumor microenvironment, providing a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in cancer. We presently re-propose vitamin D to be a novel and economical anticancer agent.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics at Peking University,Key Technologies R&D Program(2016YFC0900100 and 2016YFC0902300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31530036 and 91742203).
文摘Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology.Several types of immunotherapy,including adoptive cell transfer(ACT)and immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),have obtained durable clinical responses,but their efficacies vary,and only subsets of cancer patients can benefit from them.Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment(TME)have been shown to play a key role in tumor development and will affect the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.Comprehensive profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer–immune evasion,thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.However,the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME impedes the precise dissection of intratumoral immune cells.With recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)and mass cytometry,systematic interrogation of the TME is feasible and will provide insights into the functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.In this review,we outline the recent progress in cancer immunotherapy,particularly by focusing on landmark studies and the recent single-cell characterization of tumor-associated immune cells,and we summarize the phenotypic diversities of intratumoral immune cells and their connections with cancer immunotherapy.We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in cancer immunotherapy,facilitate the elucidation of immune cell modulation in tumor progression,and thus guide the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
文摘Background Astragalus polysaccharides （APS）, the main active extract from Astragalus membranaceus （a traditional Chinese medicinal herb）, is associated with a variety of immunomodulatory activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of APS on the function of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment of human hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and to identify the pharmacologic mechanism of APS responsible for the anti-chemotactic activity in CD4＋CD25^highTreq cells in tumor site of HCC.
文摘免疫和炎症构成肿瘤微环境的两大核心,但两者之间关系并不清楚。髓源抑制性细胞(myeloid derived suppressorcell,MDSC)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)等抑制性细胞趋化至肿瘤部位可抑制炎症,而非介导肿瘤免疫逃逸;肥大细胞则通过对MDSC和Treg的调节,介导免疫和炎症的对话;作为肿瘤微环境中基本信号通路的Toll样信号可以直接调节免疫和炎症,并通过微颗粒途径精细调控肿瘤炎症的稳定。不管肿瘤炎症和免疫的关系如何复杂而交错,一般认为,肿瘤微环境的抗肿瘤免疫和炎症呈现出一种负相关关系,即在肿瘤的早期,免疫反应较强而炎症较弱;但在肿瘤的后期,免疫反应较弱而炎症较强。
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development program of China(Grant number 2018YFC1106100,2018YFC1106101)the project was also funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 81930024,81770974)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai(Grant Number 17DZ2260100).
文摘The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of the tumor microenvironment(TME).Recently,TME modulation strategies have attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy.Despite the preliminary success of immunotherapeutic agents,their therapeutic effects have been restricted by the limited retention time of drugs in TME.Compared with traditional delivery systems,nanoparticles with unique physical properties and elaborate design can efficiently penetrate TME and specifically deliver to the major components in TME.In this review,we briefly introduce the substitutes of TME including dendritic cells,macrophages,fibroblasts,tumor vasculature,tumor-draining lymph nodes and hypoxic state,then review various nanoparticles targeting these components and their applications in tumor therapy.In addition,nanoparticles could be combined with other therapies,including chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and photodynamic therapy,however,the nanoplatform delivery system may not be effective in all types of tumors due to the heterogeneity of different tumors and individuals.The changes of TME at various stages during tumor development are required to be further elucidated so that more individualized nanoplatforms could be designed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81430101)the Special Fund for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province in 2015
文摘Tumor microenvironment （TME） has received more and more attention as modern medical research has begun to understand its importance in tumorigenesis. The occurrence, development, metastasis and drug resistance of tumors are closely related to TME. TME is a complicated system, including nontumor cells, their secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix, among other components. The concepts of wholism and multitarget regulation in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） make it well suited to the regulation of TME. in this paper, the authors reviewed the progress of TME research and the effect of TCM on TME, providing some views of Chinese medicine in antitumor research.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81620108030
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when tumor cell dissemination has taken place. Chemo-and targeted therapies provide only a limited increase of overall survival for these patients. The major reason for clinical outcome finds its origin in therapy resistance. Escape mechanisms to both chemo-and targeted therapy remain the main culprits. Here, we evaluate major resistant mechanisms and elaborate on potential new therapies. Amongst promising therapies is α-amanitin antibodydrug conjugate targeting hemizygous p53 loss. It becomes clear that a dynamic interaction with the tumor microenvironment exists and that this dictates therapeutic outcome. In addition, CRC displays a limited response to checkpoint inhibitors, as only a minority of patients with microsatellite instable high tumors is susceptible. In this review, we highlight new developments with clinical potentials to augment responses to checkpoint inhibitors.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a very poor prognosis. In the United States, there has been only minimal improvement in the prognosis for HCC patients over the past 15 years. Details of the molecular mechanisms and other mechanisms of HCC progression remain unclear. Consequently, there is an urgent need for better understanding of these mechanisms. HCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and most patients will therefore need systemic therapy, with sorafenib being the most common at the present time. However, sorafenib therapy only minimally enhances patient survival. This review provides a summary of some of the known mechanisms that either cause HCC or contribute to its progression. Included in this review are the roles of viral hepatitis, non-viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol intake, genetic predisposition and congenital abnormalities, toxic exposures, and autoimmune diseases of the liver. Well-established molecular mechanisms of HCC progression such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor-stromal interactions and the tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells, and senescence bypass are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss the roles of circulating tumor cells,immunomodulation, and neural regulation as potential new mechanisms of HCC progression. A better understanding of these mechanisms could have implications for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic and prognostic strategies, which are critically needed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81770562,81602166 and 81703807)grants from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Luzhou,Sichuan Province,China(Nos.2016LZXNYD-Z04 and 2017LZXNYD-J02)
文摘Tumor cells along with a small proportion of cancer stem cells exist in a stromal microenvironment consisting of vasculature, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells and extracellular components.Recent epidemiological and clinical studies strongly support that vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced cancer risk and favorable prognosis. Experimental results suggest that vitamin D not only suppresses cancer cells, but also regulates tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor repression. In this review, we have outlined the current knowledge on epidemiological studies and clinical trials of vitamin D. Notably, wesummarized and discussed the anticancer action of vitamin D in cancer cells, cancer stem cells and stroma cells in tumor microenvironment, providing a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in cancer. We presently re-propose vitamin D to be a novel and economical anticancer agent.
