The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is dis...The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is discussed using two data sets of 48-a SODA (simple ocean data assimilation) and NCEP/NCAR. Analyses show that in wintertime Indian Ocean (WIO), springtime central tropical Pacific (SCTP) and summertime South China Sea-West Pacific (SSCSWP), air-sea temperature difference is significantly associated with the convection intensity of South China Sea summer monsoon. Correlation of the inter-decadal time scale (above 10 a) is higher and more stable. There is inter-decadal variability of correlation in scales less than 10 a and it is related with the air-sea temperature difference itself for corresponding waters. The inter-decadal variability of the convection intensity during the South China Sea summer monsoon is closely related to the inter-decadal variability of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Since the late period of the 1970s, in the lower troposphere, the cross-equatorial flow from the Southern Hemisphere has intensified. At the upper troposphere layer, the South Asian high and cross-equatorial flow from the Northern Hemisphere has intensified at the same time. Then the monsoon cell has also strengthened and resulted in the reinforcing of the convection of South China Sea summer monsoon.展开更多
The exchange of surface freshwater, heat and moisture fluxes across the air-sea interface strongly influences the oceanic circulation and its variability at all time scales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and e...The exchange of surface freshwater, heat and moisture fluxes across the air-sea interface strongly influences the oceanic circulation and its variability at all time scales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and examine surface freshwater flux at monthly scale exclusively from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements over the tropical oceans for the period of 1998 - 2010. The monthly mean fields of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed (WS), and total precipitable water (W) are used to estimate the surface evaporation utilizing the bulk aerodynamics parameterization formula. The merged TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B43 product is combined with the estimated evaporation to compute the surface freshwater flux. A preliminary comparison of the satellite derived evaporation, precipitation and freshwater flux has been carried out with the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes (HOAPS-3) datasets. Also, the estimated evaporation and TMPA-3B43 precipitation are validated with in-situ observations from the moored buoys in the different oceans. The results suggest that the TRMM has great potential to estimate surface freshwater flux for climatological and oceanic hydrological applications.展开更多
基于2007~2012年TRMM卫星上搭载的降水雷达提供的雷达反射率因子、降水率、降水类型等产品,结合ECMWF提供的再分析数据资料,分析了全球热带海洋地区平均降水率、400 h Pa垂直速度、850 h Pa相对湿度和下对流层稳定度的时空分布特征.根据...基于2007~2012年TRMM卫星上搭载的降水雷达提供的雷达反射率因子、降水率、降水类型等产品,结合ECMWF提供的再分析数据资料,分析了全球热带海洋地区平均降水率、400 h Pa垂直速度、850 h Pa相对湿度和下对流层稳定度的时空分布特征.根据400 h Pa垂直速度的季节差异确定了4个子研究区及相应对比季节,给出了对比季节内浅对流单体、层云、对流云3种降水系统降水量、降水面积、降水强度以及垂直结构上的差异.结果表明:(1)热带海洋地区平均降水率与400 h Pa上升速度在时空分布上存在一个显著的正相关,即400 h Pa上升速度越强的地区平均降水率越大;(2)4个子研究区内层云降水对区域累积降水面积贡献率最大(年均值均超过50%),对流云降水次之(约30%),而对流云降水对区域累积降水量贡献率最大(约65%),层云降水次之(约25%);(3)400 h Pa上升速度较强时,4个子研究区中3类降水系统的累积降水面积、累积降水量都有所增加,但降水强度以及降水系统垂直结构的变化存在差异,其中对流云降水强度一致增大且其垂直结构上的发展更旺盛;(4)对流云降水系统的雨顶高度、雷达反射率重心以及30 d BZ回波顶高随着400 h Pa上升速度的增强以及850 h Pa相对湿度的增加而迅速抬升,同时随着下对流层稳定度的降低有所抬升,但变化率较小.说明影响对流降水系统垂直结构的主要气象条件是400 h Pa上升速度和850 h Pa相对湿度.展开更多
Temperature and relative humidity profiles derived from two China-made global positioning system（GPS） radiosondes（GPS-TK and CF-06-A） during the east tropical Indian Ocean（ETIO） experiment were compared with Vai...Temperature and relative humidity profiles derived from two China-made global positioning system（GPS） radiosondes（GPS-TK and CF-06-A） during the east tropical Indian Ocean（ETIO） experiment were compared with Vaisala RS92-SGP to assess the performances of China-made radiosondes over the tropical ocean.The results show that there have relative large biases in temperature observations between the GPSTK and the RS92-SGP in the low troposphere,with a warm bias of greater than 2 K in the day and a cooling bias of 0.6 K at night.The temperature differences of the CF-06-A were small in the troposphere both in daytime and nighttime,and became large peak-to-peak fluctuations in the stratosphere.The intercomparison of the relative humidity showed that the CF-06-A had large random errors due to the limitation of sensors and the lack of correction scheme,and the GPS-TK had large systematic biases in the low troposphere which might be related to the temperature impact.GPS height measurements are clearly suitable for China-made radiosonde systems operation.At night,the CF-06-A and the GPS-TK could provide virtual potential temperature and atmospheric boundary layer height measurements of suitable quality for both weather and climate research.As a result of the intercomparison experiment,major errors in the Chinamade radiosonde systems were well indentified and subsequently rectified to ensure improving accuracy for historical and future radiosondes.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"Response of inter-decadal variability of South China Sea summer monsoon to the whole globe variability”under contract number 9021l010“Interannual to interdecadal variability in circulation in the tropical Pa-cific Ocean”under contract number 40136010.
文摘The annual, interannual and inter-decadal variability of convection intensity of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical ocean is analyzed, and their relationship is discussed using two data sets of 48-a SODA (simple ocean data assimilation) and NCEP/NCAR. Analyses show that in wintertime Indian Ocean (WIO), springtime central tropical Pacific (SCTP) and summertime South China Sea-West Pacific (SSCSWP), air-sea temperature difference is significantly associated with the convection intensity of South China Sea summer monsoon. Correlation of the inter-decadal time scale (above 10 a) is higher and more stable. There is inter-decadal variability of correlation in scales less than 10 a and it is related with the air-sea temperature difference itself for corresponding waters. The inter-decadal variability of the convection intensity during the South China Sea summer monsoon is closely related to the inter-decadal variability of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Since the late period of the 1970s, in the lower troposphere, the cross-equatorial flow from the Southern Hemisphere has intensified. At the upper troposphere layer, the South Asian high and cross-equatorial flow from the Northern Hemisphere has intensified at the same time. Then the monsoon cell has also strengthened and resulted in the reinforcing of the convection of South China Sea summer monsoon.
文摘The exchange of surface freshwater, heat and moisture fluxes across the air-sea interface strongly influences the oceanic circulation and its variability at all time scales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and examine surface freshwater flux at monthly scale exclusively from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements over the tropical oceans for the period of 1998 - 2010. The monthly mean fields of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed (WS), and total precipitable water (W) are used to estimate the surface evaporation utilizing the bulk aerodynamics parameterization formula. The merged TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B43 product is combined with the estimated evaporation to compute the surface freshwater flux. A preliminary comparison of the satellite derived evaporation, precipitation and freshwater flux has been carried out with the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes (HOAPS-3) datasets. Also, the estimated evaporation and TMPA-3B43 precipitation are validated with in-situ observations from the moored buoys in the different oceans. The results suggest that the TRMM has great potential to estimate surface freshwater flux for climatological and oceanic hydrological applications.
文摘基于2007~2012年TRMM卫星上搭载的降水雷达提供的雷达反射率因子、降水率、降水类型等产品,结合ECMWF提供的再分析数据资料,分析了全球热带海洋地区平均降水率、400 h Pa垂直速度、850 h Pa相对湿度和下对流层稳定度的时空分布特征.根据400 h Pa垂直速度的季节差异确定了4个子研究区及相应对比季节,给出了对比季节内浅对流单体、层云、对流云3种降水系统降水量、降水面积、降水强度以及垂直结构上的差异.结果表明:(1)热带海洋地区平均降水率与400 h Pa上升速度在时空分布上存在一个显著的正相关,即400 h Pa上升速度越强的地区平均降水率越大;(2)4个子研究区内层云降水对区域累积降水面积贡献率最大(年均值均超过50%),对流云降水次之(约30%),而对流云降水对区域累积降水量贡献率最大(约65%),层云降水次之(约25%);(3)400 h Pa上升速度较强时,4个子研究区中3类降水系统的累积降水面积、累积降水量都有所增加,但降水强度以及降水系统垂直结构的变化存在差异,其中对流云降水强度一致增大且其垂直结构上的发展更旺盛;(4)对流云降水系统的雨顶高度、雷达反射率重心以及30 d BZ回波顶高随着400 h Pa上升速度的增强以及850 h Pa相对湿度的增加而迅速抬升,同时随着下对流层稳定度的降低有所抬升,但变化率较小.说明影响对流降水系统垂直结构的主要气象条件是400 h Pa上升速度和850 h Pa相对湿度.
基金The National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract Nos 2011CB403503 and 2011CB403504the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41276024+1 种基金the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.91228202the National Foundation of the Indian Ocean Opening Voyage Project of China under contract Nos 41149903 and 41049908
文摘Temperature and relative humidity profiles derived from two China-made global positioning system（GPS） radiosondes（GPS-TK and CF-06-A） during the east tropical Indian Ocean（ETIO） experiment were compared with Vaisala RS92-SGP to assess the performances of China-made radiosondes over the tropical ocean.The results show that there have relative large biases in temperature observations between the GPSTK and the RS92-SGP in the low troposphere,with a warm bias of greater than 2 K in the day and a cooling bias of 0.6 K at night.The temperature differences of the CF-06-A were small in the troposphere both in daytime and nighttime,and became large peak-to-peak fluctuations in the stratosphere.The intercomparison of the relative humidity showed that the CF-06-A had large random errors due to the limitation of sensors and the lack of correction scheme,and the GPS-TK had large systematic biases in the low troposphere which might be related to the temperature impact.GPS height measurements are clearly suitable for China-made radiosonde systems operation.At night,the CF-06-A and the GPS-TK could provide virtual potential temperature and atmospheric boundary layer height measurements of suitable quality for both weather and climate research.As a result of the intercomparison experiment,major errors in the Chinamade radiosonde systems were well indentified and subsequently rectified to ensure improving accuracy for historical and future radiosondes.
