The state collapse in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003 resulted in a vacuum of state institution.This helped the emergence and increase of sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni,which led to civil war in 2006-200...The state collapse in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003 resulted in a vacuum of state institution.This helped the emergence and increase of sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni,which led to civil war in 2006-2007.In order to end the violence and to alienate Al-Qaeda,the US authorities and Iraqi government began supporting tribal leaders during the civil war.In 2008,the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki created tribal council called(Majālis al-Asnād)to utilize the tribal groups mainly belong to Shia sect.This article tries to explain the emergence of new social strata called New Shaykhs in Iraqi society,as a result of Maliki’s tribal policy.It is due to the failed state situation in Iraq since 2003 which helped non-state actors to be more and more active,such as new tribal leaders.This paper focus on the political manipulation of tribal societies which is different after 2003,compared to traditional policy in Iraq which have used and mobilized the tribal societies.展开更多
Due to the advent of the 1994 democratic constitution particularly sections 32 and 33 which provide for every person＇s right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and also to academic freedom Malawi...Due to the advent of the 1994 democratic constitution particularly sections 32 and 33 which provide for every person＇s right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and also to academic freedom Malawi has significantly witnessed mushroom development of tribal organizations, aiming at preserving and protecting local religious beliefs and cultural practices. The Chewa Heritage Foundation （CHEFO） and the Muhlako wa Alhomwe （MWA） are among the well-known numerous ethnic organizations through which the traditional beliefs, cultural and religious practices enjoy significant respect from Chewa and Lhomwe people. Although the new Constitution has cleared a road for the establishment of these ethnic organizations, it seems activities of all ethnic associations are significantly promoting tribalism and nepotism, in addition to being used as campaign tools by political parties. This article intends to critically assess and evaluate the role and the impact of the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Muhlako wa Alhomwe on rule of law, govemance and culture in Malawi. The following question will guide the discussion： Why are the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Mulhako wa Alhomwe cultural associations while exercising their constitutional rights promoting tribalism, regionalism and nepotism and used as campaign machinery by both opposition and ruling political parties？ Its hypothesis is, in spite of preserving protecting cultural practices as guaranteed in constitution, tribal organizations need to be watchful so that they should not promote tribalism, nepotism and being used as campaign tools by crooked and opportunist politicians.展开更多
文摘The state collapse in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003 resulted in a vacuum of state institution.This helped the emergence and increase of sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni,which led to civil war in 2006-2007.In order to end the violence and to alienate Al-Qaeda,the US authorities and Iraqi government began supporting tribal leaders during the civil war.In 2008,the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki created tribal council called(Majālis al-Asnād)to utilize the tribal groups mainly belong to Shia sect.This article tries to explain the emergence of new social strata called New Shaykhs in Iraqi society,as a result of Maliki’s tribal policy.It is due to the failed state situation in Iraq since 2003 which helped non-state actors to be more and more active,such as new tribal leaders.This paper focus on the political manipulation of tribal societies which is different after 2003,compared to traditional policy in Iraq which have used and mobilized the tribal societies.
文摘Due to the advent of the 1994 democratic constitution particularly sections 32 and 33 which provide for every person＇s right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and also to academic freedom Malawi has significantly witnessed mushroom development of tribal organizations, aiming at preserving and protecting local religious beliefs and cultural practices. The Chewa Heritage Foundation （CHEFO） and the Muhlako wa Alhomwe （MWA） are among the well-known numerous ethnic organizations through which the traditional beliefs, cultural and religious practices enjoy significant respect from Chewa and Lhomwe people. Although the new Constitution has cleared a road for the establishment of these ethnic organizations, it seems activities of all ethnic associations are significantly promoting tribalism and nepotism, in addition to being used as campaign tools by political parties. This article intends to critically assess and evaluate the role and the impact of the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Muhlako wa Alhomwe on rule of law, govemance and culture in Malawi. The following question will guide the discussion： Why are the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Mulhako wa Alhomwe cultural associations while exercising their constitutional rights promoting tribalism, regionalism and nepotism and used as campaign machinery by both opposition and ruling political parties？ Its hypothesis is, in spite of preserving protecting cultural practices as guaranteed in constitution, tribal organizations need to be watchful so that they should not promote tribalism, nepotism and being used as campaign tools by crooked and opportunist politicians.
