Plant growth and development are tightly controlled in response to environmental conditions that influence the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the form of sucrose. Trehalose-6-phosphate （T6P）, the precursor...Plant growth and development are tightly controlled in response to environmental conditions that influence the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the form of sucrose. Trehalose-6-phosphate （T6P）, the precursor of trehalose in the biosynthetic pathway, is an important signaling metabolite that is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development in response to carbon availability. In addition to the plant＇s own pathway for trehalose synthesis, formation of T6P or trehalose by pathogens can result in the reprogramming of plant metabolism and development. Developmental processes that are regulated by T6P range from embryo development to leaf senescence. Some of these processes are regulated in interaction with phytohormones, such as auxin. A key interacting factor of T6P signaling in response to the environment is the protein kinase sucrose non-fermenting related kinase-1 （SnRK1）, whose catalytic activity is inhibited by T6R SnRK1 is most likely involved in the adjustment of metabolism and growth in response to starvation. The transcription factor bZlP11 has recently been identified as a new player in the T6P/SnRK1 regulatory pathway. By inhibiting SnRK1, T6P promotes biosynthetic reactions. This regulation has important consequences for crop production, for example, in the developing wheat grain and during the growth of potato tubers.展开更多
In short photoperiods, plants accumulate starch more rapidly in the light and degrade it more slowly at night, ensuring that their starch reserves last until dawn. To investigate the accompanying changes in the timing...In short photoperiods, plants accumulate starch more rapidly in the light and degrade it more slowly at night, ensuring that their starch reserves last until dawn. To investigate the accompanying changes in the timing of growth, Arabidopsis was grown in a range of photoperiods and analyzed for rosette biomass, photosynthesis, respiration, ribosome abundance, polysome loading, starch, and over 40 metabolites at dawn and dusk. The data set was used to model growth rates in the daytime and night, and to identify metabolites that correlate with growth. Modeled growth rates and polysome loading were high in the daytime and at night in long photoperiods, but decreased at night in short photoperiods. Ribosome abundance was similar in all photoperiods. It is discussed how the amount of starch accumulated in the light period, the length of the night, and maintenance costs interact to constrain growth at night in short photoperiods, and alter the strategy for optimizing ribosome use. Significant correlations were found in the day- time and the night between growth rates and the levels of the sugar-signal trehalose 6-phosphate and the amino acid biosynthesis intermediate shikimate, identifying these metabolites as hubs in a network that coordinates growth with diurnal changes in the carbon supply.展开更多
Trehalose plays an important role in protecting organisms from various stresses. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase （TPS） is the key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, but in insects only a few TPS genes have been identifie...Trehalose plays an important role in protecting organisms from various stresses. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase （TPS） is the key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, but in insects only a few TPS genes have been identified and their function has not been well characterized. To better understand the function of TPS in insects, a complete TPS complementary DNA （eDNA） clone was obtained from the fat body of the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis （GenBank accession number： EU131894）. The full-length cDNA is 2 806 bp, including an open reading frame of 2 442 bp, which encodes an 813 amino acids protein with a calculated molecular weight of 91 976 Daltons and an isoelectric point of 6.14. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly similar to other published insect TPS and its C-terminal also has a region homologous to trehalose phosphate phsophatase （TPP）. Semi-quantitative analysis indicated that the TPS transcript was expressed not only in fat body, but also in gut, hemolymph and leg muscle. These data may facilitate studies of TPS function in insects and improve our understanding of trehalose metabolism.展开更多
Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite re...Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Salinity tolerance is an important physiological index for crop breeding.Roots are typically the first plant tissue to withstand salt stress.In this study,we found that the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)trehalose-6-phos...Salinity tolerance is an important physiological index for crop breeding.Roots are typically the first plant tissue to withstand salt stress.In this study,we found that the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SlTPP4)gene is induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and salt,and is mainly expressed in roots.Overexpression of SlTPP4 in tomato enhanced tolerance to salt stress,resulting in better growth performance.Under saline conditions,SlTPP4 overexpression plants demonstrated enhanced sucrose metabolism,as well as increased expression of genes related to salt tolerance.At the same time,expression of genes related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction was enhanced or altered,respectively.In-depth exploration demonstrated that SlTPP4 enhances Casparian band development in roots to restrict the intake of Na^(+).Our study thus clarifies the mechanism of SlTPP4-mediated salt tolerance,which will be of great importance for the breeding of salt-tolerant tomato crops.展开更多
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with high stability and strong water absorption properties that can improve the resistance of organisms to various abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)plays imp...Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with high stability and strong water absorption properties that can improve the resistance of organisms to various abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)plays important roles in trehalose metabolism and signaling.In this study,the full-length cDNA of ThTPS was cloned from Tamarix hispida Willd.A phylogenetic tree including ThTPS and 11 AtTPS genes from Arabidopsis indicated that the ThTPS protein had a close evolutionary relationship with AtTPS7.However,the function of At TPS7 has not been determined.To analyze the abiotic stress tolerance function of ThTPS,the expression of ThTPS in T.hispida under salt and drought stress and JA,ABA and GA3 hormone stimulation was monitored by qRT-PCR.The results show that ThTPS expression was clearly induced by all five of these treatments at one or more times,and salt stress caused particularly strong induction of Th TPS in the roots of T.hispida.The ThTPS gene was transiently overexpressed in T.hispida.Both physiological indexes and staining results showed that ThTPS gene overexpression increased salt and osmotic stress tolerance in T.hispida.Overall,the Th TPS gene can respond to abiotic stresses such as salt and drought,and its overexpression can significantly improve salt and osmotic tolerance.These findings establish a foundation to better understand the responses of TPS genes to abiotic stress in plants.展开更多
Trehalose is the principal sugar circulating in the hemolymph of insects,and trehalose synthesis is catalyzed by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(TPP).Insect TPS is a fused enzy...Trehalose is the principal sugar circulating in the hemolymph of insects,and trehalose synthesis is catalyzed by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(TPP).Insect TPS is a fused enzyme containing both TPS do-main and TPP domain.Thus,many insects do not possess TPP genes as TPSs have re-placed the function of TPPs.However,TPPs are widely distributed across the dipteran insects,while the roles they play remain largely unknown.In this study,3 TPP genes from notorious dipteran pest Bactrocera minax(BmiTPPB,BmiTPPCl,and BmiTPPC2)were identified and characterized.The different temporal-spatial expression patterns of 3 BmiTPPs implied that they exert different functions in B.minax.Recombinant BmiTPPs were heterologously expressed in yeast cells,and all purified proteins exhibited enzy-matic activities,despite the remarkable disparity in performance between BmiTPPB and BmiTPPCs.RNA interference revealed that all BmiTPPs were successfully downregulated after double-stranded RNA injection,leading to decreased trehalose content and increased glucose content.Also,suppression of BmiTPPs significantly affected expression of down-stream genes and increased the mortality and malformation rate.Collectively,these results indicated that all 3 BmiTPPs in B.minax are involved in trehalose synthesis and metamor-phosis.Thus,these genes could be evaluated as insecticidal targets for managing B.minax,andevenforotherdipteranpests.展开更多
Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase(TPS),an enzyme that hydrolyzes two glucose molecules to yield trchalose,plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes.In this study,we cloned the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase...Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase(TPS),an enzyme that hydrolyzes two glucose molecules to yield trchalose,plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes.In this study,we cloned the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene(HvTPS)and investigated its expression patterns in various tssues and d:velopmental stages in Heortia vitessoides Moore(Lepidoptera:Crambidac).HvTPS was highly expressed in the fat body and after pupation or before molting.We knocked down TPS in H.vitessoides by RNA interference and found that 3.0μg of dsHvTPS resulted in optimal interference at 24 h and 36 h post-injection and caused a sharp decline in the survival rate during the 5th instar larval-pupal stage and obviously abnormal or lethal phenotypes.Additionally.compared to the controls,TPS activity and trehalose contents were significantly lower and the glucose content was significantly higher 24 h or 36 h after injection with 3.0μg of dsHIvTPS.Furthermore,the silencing of HvTPS suppressed the cxpression of six key genecs in the chitin biosynthesis pathway and one key gene related to lipid catabolism.The expression levels of two genes associated with lipid biosynthesis were upregulated.These results strongly suggest that HvTPS is essential for the normal growth and development of H.vitessoides and provide a reference for further studies of the utility of key genes involved in chitin and lipid biosynthesis for controlling insect development.展开更多
海藻糖是昆虫的血糖,在昆虫体内主要通过海藻糖合成酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS)催化合成。本研究通过同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术,从异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis中克隆得到了TPS...海藻糖是昆虫的血糖,在昆虫体内主要通过海藻糖合成酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS)催化合成。本研究通过同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术,从异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis中克隆得到了TPS基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为HaTPS(GenBank登录号:FJ501960),全长2949bp,包含3'非翻译区为505bp,5'非翻译区为26bp,开放阅读框长2418bp,共编码805个氨基酸。软件分析显示该基因编码蛋白的分子量为90.58kD,等电点为7.01,包含两个糖基化位点,无信号肽和跨膜结构。同源比对分析发现,昆虫中TPS基因高度保守,包含两个保守的结构域。同时,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对异色瓢虫HaTPS在不同发育阶段、低温诱导条件下的表达量进行了研究。结果表明:HaTPS在预蛹期的表达量最高;在短时低温诱导条件下,HaTPS的表达量随着温度的降低而显著升高,在降温和升温处理条件下,HaTPS的表达量呈现先升高后下降的表达趋势。结果表明,TPS基因在昆虫抗逆中起到了重要的调节作用。昆虫经过低温诱导,其TPS基因的调控能力得到提升。展开更多
文摘Plant growth and development are tightly controlled in response to environmental conditions that influence the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the form of sucrose. Trehalose-6-phosphate （T6P）, the precursor of trehalose in the biosynthetic pathway, is an important signaling metabolite that is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development in response to carbon availability. In addition to the plant＇s own pathway for trehalose synthesis, formation of T6P or trehalose by pathogens can result in the reprogramming of plant metabolism and development. Developmental processes that are regulated by T6P range from embryo development to leaf senescence. Some of these processes are regulated in interaction with phytohormones, such as auxin. A key interacting factor of T6P signaling in response to the environment is the protein kinase sucrose non-fermenting related kinase-1 （SnRK1）, whose catalytic activity is inhibited by T6R SnRK1 is most likely involved in the adjustment of metabolism and growth in response to starvation. The transcription factor bZlP11 has recently been identified as a new player in the T6P/SnRK1 regulatory pathway. By inhibiting SnRK1, T6P promotes biosynthetic reactions. This regulation has important consequences for crop production, for example, in the developing wheat grain and during the growth of potato tubers.
文摘In short photoperiods, plants accumulate starch more rapidly in the light and degrade it more slowly at night, ensuring that their starch reserves last until dawn. To investigate the accompanying changes in the timing of growth, Arabidopsis was grown in a range of photoperiods and analyzed for rosette biomass, photosynthesis, respiration, ribosome abundance, polysome loading, starch, and over 40 metabolites at dawn and dusk. The data set was used to model growth rates in the daytime and night, and to identify metabolites that correlate with growth. Modeled growth rates and polysome loading were high in the daytime and at night in long photoperiods, but decreased at night in short photoperiods. Ribosome abundance was similar in all photoperiods. It is discussed how the amount of starch accumulated in the light period, the length of the night, and maintenance costs interact to constrain growth at night in short photoperiods, and alter the strategy for optimizing ribosome use. Significant correlations were found in the day- time and the night between growth rates and the levels of the sugar-signal trehalose 6-phosphate and the amino acid biosynthesis intermediate shikimate, identifying these metabolites as hubs in a network that coordinates growth with diurnal changes in the carbon supply.
文摘Trehalose plays an important role in protecting organisms from various stresses. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase （TPS） is the key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, but in insects only a few TPS genes have been identified and their function has not been well characterized. To better understand the function of TPS in insects, a complete TPS complementary DNA （eDNA） clone was obtained from the fat body of the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis （GenBank accession number： EU131894）. The full-length cDNA is 2 806 bp, including an open reading frame of 2 442 bp, which encodes an 813 amino acids protein with a calculated molecular weight of 91 976 Daltons and an isoelectric point of 6.14. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly similar to other published insect TPS and its C-terminal also has a region homologous to trehalose phosphate phsophatase （TPP）. Semi-quantitative analysis indicated that the TPS transcript was expressed not only in fat body, but also in gut, hemolymph and leg muscle. These data may facilitate studies of TPS function in insects and improve our understanding of trehalose metabolism.
基金supported by the Food Futures Institute of Murdoch University to Rajeev K.Varshney.
文摘Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172597)the Chongqing Post Doctoral Special Support Project,China(2112012724652268)+1 种基金the Chongqing Exceptional Young Talents Project,China(CQYC202005097)the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation,China(cstc2018jcyjAX0730)。
文摘Salinity tolerance is an important physiological index for crop breeding.Roots are typically the first plant tissue to withstand salt stress.In this study,we found that the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SlTPP4)gene is induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and salt,and is mainly expressed in roots.Overexpression of SlTPP4 in tomato enhanced tolerance to salt stress,resulting in better growth performance.Under saline conditions,SlTPP4 overexpression plants demonstrated enhanced sucrose metabolism,as well as increased expression of genes related to salt tolerance.At the same time,expression of genes related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction was enhanced or altered,respectively.In-depth exploration demonstrated that SlTPP4 enhances Casparian band development in roots to restrict the intake of Na^(+).Our study thus clarifies the mechanism of SlTPP4-mediated salt tolerance,which will be of great importance for the breeding of salt-tolerant tomato crops.
基金supported by the Province in Heilongjiang Outstanding Youth Science Fund(JC2017004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31370676)Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program(Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team)。
文摘Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with high stability and strong water absorption properties that can improve the resistance of organisms to various abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)plays important roles in trehalose metabolism and signaling.In this study,the full-length cDNA of ThTPS was cloned from Tamarix hispida Willd.A phylogenetic tree including ThTPS and 11 AtTPS genes from Arabidopsis indicated that the ThTPS protein had a close evolutionary relationship with AtTPS7.However,the function of At TPS7 has not been determined.To analyze the abiotic stress tolerance function of ThTPS,the expression of ThTPS in T.hispida under salt and drought stress and JA,ABA and GA3 hormone stimulation was monitored by qRT-PCR.The results show that ThTPS expression was clearly induced by all five of these treatments at one or more times,and salt stress caused particularly strong induction of Th TPS in the roots of T.hispida.The ThTPS gene was transiently overexpressed in T.hispida.Both physiological indexes and staining results showed that ThTPS gene overexpression increased salt and osmotic stress tolerance in T.hispida.Overall,the Th TPS gene can respond to abiotic stresses such as salt and drought,and its overexpression can significantly improve salt and osmotic tolerance.These findings establish a foundation to better understand the responses of TPS genes to abiotic stress in plants.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc202ljcyj-msxmX1054)the Fundamental Research Funds forthe Central Universities(XDJK2018C092).
文摘Trehalose is the principal sugar circulating in the hemolymph of insects,and trehalose synthesis is catalyzed by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(TPP).Insect TPS is a fused enzyme containing both TPS do-main and TPP domain.Thus,many insects do not possess TPP genes as TPSs have re-placed the function of TPPs.However,TPPs are widely distributed across the dipteran insects,while the roles they play remain largely unknown.In this study,3 TPP genes from notorious dipteran pest Bactrocera minax(BmiTPPB,BmiTPPCl,and BmiTPPC2)were identified and characterized.The different temporal-spatial expression patterns of 3 BmiTPPs implied that they exert different functions in B.minax.Recombinant BmiTPPs were heterologously expressed in yeast cells,and all purified proteins exhibited enzy-matic activities,despite the remarkable disparity in performance between BmiTPPB and BmiTPPCs.RNA interference revealed that all BmiTPPs were successfully downregulated after double-stranded RNA injection,leading to decreased trehalose content and increased glucose content.Also,suppression of BmiTPPs significantly affected expression of down-stream genes and increased the mortality and malformation rate.Collectively,these results indicated that all 3 BmiTPPs in B.minax are involved in trehalose synthesis and metamor-phosis.Thus,these genes could be evaluated as insecticidal targets for managing B.minax,andevenforotherdipteranpests.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31470653)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2015A030313416).
文摘Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase(TPS),an enzyme that hydrolyzes two glucose molecules to yield trchalose,plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes.In this study,we cloned the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene(HvTPS)and investigated its expression patterns in various tssues and d:velopmental stages in Heortia vitessoides Moore(Lepidoptera:Crambidac).HvTPS was highly expressed in the fat body and after pupation or before molting.We knocked down TPS in H.vitessoides by RNA interference and found that 3.0μg of dsHvTPS resulted in optimal interference at 24 h and 36 h post-injection and caused a sharp decline in the survival rate during the 5th instar larval-pupal stage and obviously abnormal or lethal phenotypes.Additionally.compared to the controls,TPS activity and trehalose contents were significantly lower and the glucose content was significantly higher 24 h or 36 h after injection with 3.0μg of dsHIvTPS.Furthermore,the silencing of HvTPS suppressed the cxpression of six key genecs in the chitin biosynthesis pathway and one key gene related to lipid catabolism.The expression levels of two genes associated with lipid biosynthesis were upregulated.These results strongly suggest that HvTPS is essential for the normal growth and development of H.vitessoides and provide a reference for further studies of the utility of key genes involved in chitin and lipid biosynthesis for controlling insect development.
文摘海藻糖是昆虫的血糖,在昆虫体内主要通过海藻糖合成酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS)催化合成。本研究通过同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术,从异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis中克隆得到了TPS基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为HaTPS(GenBank登录号:FJ501960),全长2949bp,包含3'非翻译区为505bp,5'非翻译区为26bp,开放阅读框长2418bp,共编码805个氨基酸。软件分析显示该基因编码蛋白的分子量为90.58kD,等电点为7.01,包含两个糖基化位点,无信号肽和跨膜结构。同源比对分析发现,昆虫中TPS基因高度保守,包含两个保守的结构域。同时,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对异色瓢虫HaTPS在不同发育阶段、低温诱导条件下的表达量进行了研究。结果表明:HaTPS在预蛹期的表达量最高;在短时低温诱导条件下,HaTPS的表达量随着温度的降低而显著升高,在降温和升温处理条件下,HaTPS的表达量呈现先升高后下降的表达趋势。结果表明,TPS基因在昆虫抗逆中起到了重要的调节作用。昆虫经过低温诱导,其TPS基因的调控能力得到提升。
