Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated ...Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.展开更多
This study focuses on the thermo-mechanical properties of Carbon Fibre/Polyimide Composite(CFPC)attaching collars under transient heating.The CFPC attaching collars were fabricated by a high-temperature resin transfer...This study focuses on the thermo-mechanical properties of Carbon Fibre/Polyimide Composite(CFPC)attaching collars under transient heating.The CFPC attaching collars were fabricated by a high-temperature resin transfer moulding process,and their thermo-mechanical properties under the conditions of simultaneous transient heating and bending load were investigated.The results show that the attaching collar tends to fail at 118% of the limit load.The failure mode includes the fracture of the connecting screws,local extrusion damage of the hole edges,and slight ablation damage at the outer plies.And there is no observable residual deformation in the composite attaching collar.Furthermore,considering that the material properties vary with temperature,a progressive damage model based on the sequential thermo-mechanical coupling method was established to study the failure mechanism of the attaching collar.Finally,the damage factor of the CFPC was calculated to assess the safety status of the attaching collar.The results show that the primary damage modes of the composite attaching collar are intralaminar failure,which mainly occurs at the heat insulation layer and the hole edges,and these slightly affect the structural bearing capacity.A good correlation between the experiment and FEA is obtained.The test methods and analysis models proposed contribute to the safety assessment of composite structures under transient heating.展开更多
In the existing studies on the atmospheric energy cycle, the attention to thegeneration of available potential energy (APE) is restricted to its global mean value. Thegeographical distributions of the generation of AP...In the existing studies on the atmospheric energy cycle, the attention to thegeneration of available potential energy (APE) is restricted to its global mean value. Thegeographical distributions of the generation of APE and its mechanism of formation are investigatedby using the three-dimensional NCEP/NCAR diabatic heating reanalysis in this study. The results showthat the contributions from sensible heating and net radiation to the generation of zonal andtime-mean APE (G_Z) are mainly located in high and middle latitudes with an opposite sign, while thelatent heating shows a dominant effect on G_Z mainly in the tropics and high latitudes where thecontributions from the middle and upper tropospheres are also contrary to that from the lowtroposphere. In high latitudes, the G_Z is much stronger for the Winter Hemisphere than for theSummer Hemisphere, and this is consistent with the asymmetrical feature shown by the reservoir ofzonal and time-mean APE in two hemispheres, which suggests that the generation of APE plays afundamental role in maintaining the APE in the global atmospheric energy cycle. The samecontributions to the generation of stationary eddy APE (G_(SE)) from the different regions relatedto the maintenance of longitudinal temperature contrast are likely arisen by different physics.Specifically, the positive contributions to G_(SE) from the latent heating in the western tropicalPacific and from the sensible heating over land are dominated by the heating at warm regions,whereas those from the latent heating in the eastern tropical Pacific and from the sensitive heatingover the oceans are dominated by the cooling at cold regions. Thus, our findings provide anobservational estimate of the generation of eddy APE to identify the regional contributions in theclimate simulations because it might be correct for the wrong reasons in the general circulationmodel (GCM). The largest positive contributions to the generation of transient eddy APE (G_(TE)) arefound to be at middle latitudes in the middle and upper trop展开更多
The low frequency cyclical transient natural convection in a cube enclosure with an internal isolated vertical heated plate was investigated experimentally. A computer-aided experimental system was designed to generat...The low frequency cyclical transient natural convection in a cube enclosure with an internal isolated vertical heated plate was investigated experimentally. A computer-aided experimental system was designed to generate the cyclical heating power input and also used for data reduction. The effects of the cyclic heating power input amplitude (from 0 to 8 W) and frequency (from 1/5400 s-1 to 1/600 s-1)as well as the per-cycle time-average power input (from 8 to 24 W) on the transient and time-average Nusselt number were parametrically studied. It was found that for such cyclical transient natural convection with low frequency, the plate heating power input amplitude and frequency have little effects on the time-average Nusselt number as long as the cyclical time-average heating power input remains the same, although the transient Nusselt number may be significantly affected. Therefore, the modified Grashof number based on the plate average heat flux can be used to characterize the time-average heat transfer process. The plate time-average Nusselt number is about 15% less than the infinite-space Nusselt number. The location of the isolated plate in enclosure does not appreciably influence the time-average heat transfer characteristics of the plate.展开更多
The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical...The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical leads.This fact further influences the measurement accuracy of thermal conductivity.To solve this problem,the influence of heat loss through the electrical leads on the heating power is studied theoretically.The mathematical formula of heat loss is deduced,and the corresponding correction model is presented.A series of measurement experiments on different materials have been conducted by using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer.The results show that the influence of the heat loss on the measurement is sensitive to different test materials and probes with different sizes.When the thermal conductivity of the material is greater than 0.2 W/(m·K),the influence of the heat loss is less than 0.16%,which can be ignored.As to the lower thermal conductivity materials,it is necessary to compensate the heat loss through the electrical leads,and the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurement can be effectively improved.展开更多
A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injec...A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.展开更多
The tropical heating and transient activity features during the period of the persistent anomaly of summertime circulation over the Ural Mountains are studied, and a possible mechanism responsible for formation and ma...The tropical heating and transient activity features during the period of the persistent anomaly of summertime circulation over the Ural Mountains are studied, and a possible mechanism responsible for formation and maintenance of persistent anomalies is proposed. The mechanism can be summarized as a kind of self-sustaining through a two-way interaction of stationary wave with transient eddies under the consistent forcing of abnormal heating in the tropics.展开更多
Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading o...Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading of these catalysts is commonly needed to achieve acceptable catalytic performance,which could cause such problems as battery weight gain,mass transport blocking,and catalyst loss.We report herein the preparation of fine CoNi nanoparticles(5-6 nm)anchored inside a nitrogendoped defective carbon nanotube network(CoNi@N-DCNT)by a transient Joule heating method.When utilized as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in alkaline media,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst with a very low mass loading of 0.06 mg cm^(-2) showed excellent bifunctional catalytic performance.For ORR,the onset potential(Eonset)and the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))were 0.92 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)and 0.83 V(vs.RHE),respectively.For OER,the potential at the current density(J)of 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(10))was 1.53 V,resulting in an overpotential of 300 mV much lower than that of the commercial RuO_(2) catalyst(320 mV).The potential gap between E_(1/2) and E_(10) was as small as 0.7 V.Considering the low mass loading,the mass activity at E_(10) reached at 123.2 A g^(-1),much larger than that of the RuO_(2) catalyst and literature results of transitional metal-based bifunctional catalysts.Moreover,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst showed very good long-term stability during the ORR and OER test.The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetal alloy.展开更多
The response of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)of different scales in extratropical oceans has always been a popular issue in air-sea interactions,especially regarding the influence of...The response of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)of different scales in extratropical oceans has always been a popular issue in air-sea interactions,especially regarding the influence of widely active,small-scale ocean eddies on the atmosphere.Based on the regional climate model RegCM4.6,three sets of ensemble experiments with different initial values were designed,and the response of atmospheric circulation and possible mechanisms to Kuroshio Extension Decadal Variability SSTA with different scales(KEDV-induced SSTA)during winter were discussed.The response of atmospheric circulation to the KEDV-induced mesoscale SSTA presents a broadly tripolar pattern,while the response to the KEDV-induced large-scale SSTA presents a baroclinic structure in the central Pacific and a dipole-type response with a barotropic structure in the eastern Pacific.Further diagnostic analysis shows that under the influence of mesoscale SSTA,transient eddy activity is strengthened,and feedback of transient eddy plays a major role in the large-scale circulation anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific.The associated barotropic energy conversion also plays an important role in maintaining the largescale circulation anomaly in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.Under the influence of large-scale SSTA,diabatic heating is stronger,and the feedback of diabatic heating plays a major role in the large-scale circulation anomaly.展开更多
基金The work described in this paper was financially supported by the Shanghai Municipality Natural Science Foundation(No.21ZR1434400).
文摘Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.
基金supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology(No.2016QNRC001)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(No.19DZ1100300)。
文摘This study focuses on the thermo-mechanical properties of Carbon Fibre/Polyimide Composite(CFPC)attaching collars under transient heating.The CFPC attaching collars were fabricated by a high-temperature resin transfer moulding process,and their thermo-mechanical properties under the conditions of simultaneous transient heating and bending load were investigated.The results show that the attaching collar tends to fail at 118% of the limit load.The failure mode includes the fracture of the connecting screws,local extrusion damage of the hole edges,and slight ablation damage at the outer plies.And there is no observable residual deformation in the composite attaching collar.Furthermore,considering that the material properties vary with temperature,a progressive damage model based on the sequential thermo-mechanical coupling method was established to study the failure mechanism of the attaching collar.Finally,the damage factor of the CFPC was calculated to assess the safety status of the attaching collar.The results show that the primary damage modes of the composite attaching collar are intralaminar failure,which mainly occurs at the heat insulation layer and the hole edges,and these slightly affect the structural bearing capacity.A good correlation between the experiment and FEA is obtained.The test methods and analysis models proposed contribute to the safety assessment of composite structures under transient heating.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40175028 and 40475045.
文摘In the existing studies on the atmospheric energy cycle, the attention to thegeneration of available potential energy (APE) is restricted to its global mean value. Thegeographical distributions of the generation of APE and its mechanism of formation are investigatedby using the three-dimensional NCEP/NCAR diabatic heating reanalysis in this study. The results showthat the contributions from sensible heating and net radiation to the generation of zonal andtime-mean APE (G_Z) are mainly located in high and middle latitudes with an opposite sign, while thelatent heating shows a dominant effect on G_Z mainly in the tropics and high latitudes where thecontributions from the middle and upper tropospheres are also contrary to that from the lowtroposphere. In high latitudes, the G_Z is much stronger for the Winter Hemisphere than for theSummer Hemisphere, and this is consistent with the asymmetrical feature shown by the reservoir ofzonal and time-mean APE in two hemispheres, which suggests that the generation of APE plays afundamental role in maintaining the APE in the global atmospheric energy cycle. The samecontributions to the generation of stationary eddy APE (G_(SE)) from the different regions relatedto the maintenance of longitudinal temperature contrast are likely arisen by different physics.Specifically, the positive contributions to G_(SE) from the latent heating in the western tropicalPacific and from the sensible heating over land are dominated by the heating at warm regions,whereas those from the latent heating in the eastern tropical Pacific and from the sensitive heatingover the oceans are dominated by the cooling at cold regions. Thus, our findings provide anobservational estimate of the generation of eddy APE to identify the regional contributions in theclimate simulations because it might be correct for the wrong reasons in the general circulationmodel (GCM). The largest positive contributions to the generation of transient eddy APE (G_(TE)) arefound to be at middle latitudes in the middle and upper trop
文摘The low frequency cyclical transient natural convection in a cube enclosure with an internal isolated vertical heated plate was investigated experimentally. A computer-aided experimental system was designed to generate the cyclical heating power input and also used for data reduction. The effects of the cyclic heating power input amplitude (from 0 to 8 W) and frequency (from 1/5400 s-1 to 1/600 s-1)as well as the per-cycle time-average power input (from 8 to 24 W) on the transient and time-average Nusselt number were parametrically studied. It was found that for such cyclical transient natural convection with low frequency, the plate heating power input amplitude and frequency have little effects on the time-average Nusselt number as long as the cyclical time-average heating power input remains the same, although the transient Nusselt number may be significantly affected. Therefore, the modified Grashof number based on the plate average heat flux can be used to characterize the time-average heat transfer process. The plate time-average Nusselt number is about 15% less than the infinite-space Nusselt number. The location of the isolated plate in enclosure does not appreciably influence the time-average heat transfer characteristics of the plate.
文摘The transient plane source(TPS)method is developed recently to measure the thermal conductivity of materials.In the measurement,the heating power is influenced by the heat which is transferred via the probe electrical leads.This fact further influences the measurement accuracy of thermal conductivity.To solve this problem,the influence of heat loss through the electrical leads on the heating power is studied theoretically.The mathematical formula of heat loss is deduced,and the corresponding correction model is presented.A series of measurement experiments on different materials have been conducted by using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer.The results show that the influence of the heat loss on the measurement is sensitive to different test materials and probes with different sizes.When the thermal conductivity of the material is greater than 0.2 W/(m·K),the influence of the heat loss is less than 0.16%,which can be ignored.As to the lower thermal conductivity materials,it is necessary to compensate the heat loss through the electrical leads,and the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurement can be effectively improved.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0208200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42102352)。
文摘A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49775261) the "Research Program for State Excellent Key Laboratory (Grant No. 49823002) and the Study on Formation Mechanism of Key Weather Disaster in China (Gran
文摘The tropical heating and transient activity features during the period of the persistent anomaly of summertime circulation over the Ural Mountains are studied, and a possible mechanism responsible for formation and maintenance of persistent anomalies is proposed. The mechanism can be summarized as a kind of self-sustaining through a two-way interaction of stationary wave with transient eddies under the consistent forcing of abnormal heating in the tropics.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975281,21773293,21603264)CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0203301)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds(2019K048)Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(SYG201926)。
文摘Transitional metal alloy and compounds have been developed as the low cost and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,a high mass loading of these catalysts is commonly needed to achieve acceptable catalytic performance,which could cause such problems as battery weight gain,mass transport blocking,and catalyst loss.We report herein the preparation of fine CoNi nanoparticles(5-6 nm)anchored inside a nitrogendoped defective carbon nanotube network(CoNi@N-DCNT)by a transient Joule heating method.When utilized as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in alkaline media,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst with a very low mass loading of 0.06 mg cm^(-2) showed excellent bifunctional catalytic performance.For ORR,the onset potential(Eonset)and the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))were 0.92 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)and 0.83 V(vs.RHE),respectively.For OER,the potential at the current density(J)of 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(10))was 1.53 V,resulting in an overpotential of 300 mV much lower than that of the commercial RuO_(2) catalyst(320 mV).The potential gap between E_(1/2) and E_(10) was as small as 0.7 V.Considering the low mass loading,the mass activity at E_(10) reached at 123.2 A g^(-1),much larger than that of the RuO_(2) catalyst and literature results of transitional metal-based bifunctional catalysts.Moreover,the CoNi@N-DCNT film catalyst showed very good long-term stability during the ORR and OER test.The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimetal alloy.
基金This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41490642).
文摘The response of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)of different scales in extratropical oceans has always been a popular issue in air-sea interactions,especially regarding the influence of widely active,small-scale ocean eddies on the atmosphere.Based on the regional climate model RegCM4.6,three sets of ensemble experiments with different initial values were designed,and the response of atmospheric circulation and possible mechanisms to Kuroshio Extension Decadal Variability SSTA with different scales(KEDV-induced SSTA)during winter were discussed.The response of atmospheric circulation to the KEDV-induced mesoscale SSTA presents a broadly tripolar pattern,while the response to the KEDV-induced large-scale SSTA presents a baroclinic structure in the central Pacific and a dipole-type response with a barotropic structure in the eastern Pacific.Further diagnostic analysis shows that under the influence of mesoscale SSTA,transient eddy activity is strengthened,and feedback of transient eddy plays a major role in the large-scale circulation anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific.The associated barotropic energy conversion also plays an important role in maintaining the largescale circulation anomaly in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.Under the influence of large-scale SSTA,diabatic heating is stronger,and the feedback of diabatic heating plays a major role in the large-scale circulation anomaly.
