Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified. In the present study, we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lea...Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified. In the present study, we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties. The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span, development, reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes. Moreover, most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents, such as the body sizes and mean life spans. We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns. That is, the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely, or partially, or became even more severe in progeny animals. Therefore, our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects, and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C. elegans.展开更多
Sulfamethoxazole （SMX） is one of the most common detected antibiotics in the environment. In order to study whether SMX can affect behavior and growth and whether these effects could be transferred to the progeny, C...Sulfamethoxazole （SMX） is one of the most common detected antibiotics in the environment. In order to study whether SMX can affect behavior and growth and whether these effects could be transferred to the progeny, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, respectively. After exposure, the exposed parent generation （P0） was measured for behavior and growth indicators, which were presented as percentage of controls （POC）. Then their corresponding unexposed progeny （F1） was separated and measured for the same indicators. The lowest POC for P0 after 96 hr-exposure at 100 mg/L were 37.8%, 12.7%, 45.8% and 70.l% for body bending frequency （BBF）, reversal movement （RM）, Omega turns （OT） and body length （BL）, respectively. And F1 suffered defects with the lowest POC as 55.8%, 24.1%, 48.5% and 60.7% for BBF, RM, OT and BL, respectively. Defects in both P0 and F1 showed a time- and concentration-dependent fashion and behavior indicators showed better sensitivity than growth indicator. The observed effects on F1 demonstrated the transferable properties of SMX. Defects of SMX at environmental concentrations suggested that it is necessary to perform further systematical studies on its ecological risk in actual conditions.展开更多
In this paper, aggregation question based on group decision making and a single decision making is studied. The theory of entropy is applied to the sets pair analysis. The system of relation entropy and the transferab...In this paper, aggregation question based on group decision making and a single decision making is studied. The theory of entropy is applied to the sets pair analysis. The system of relation entropy and the transferable entropy notion are put. The character is studied. An potential by the relation entropy and transferable entropy are defined. It is the consistency measure on the group between a single decision making. We gained a new aggregation effective definition on the group misjudge.展开更多
China＇ s state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non-agricultur...China＇ s state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non-agricultural use and the supplement of new agricultural land, has substantially constrained the economic growth of industrial provinces in China. This article explores the innovative reforms adopted by Zhejiang Province through land development rights （LDR） transfer within a locality and LDR trading across localities. We argue that there is a ＂Zhejiang model of LDR transferring and trading,＂ which, we believe, has significant implications not only for fostering an efficiency-enhancing market for land development rights and agricultural land preservation, but also for optimal use of land and a more balanced regional development. One important policy issue relating to China＇s rural land system is that under China＇ s land requisition system, farmers are usually under compensated for urban land-taking.展开更多
Objective Previous work has showed that excess iron accumulation is harrnftd to reproduction and even promotes death; however, whether the multiple biological toxicity of iron （Fe） exposure could be transferred to p...Objective Previous work has showed that excess iron accumulation is harrnftd to reproduction and even promotes death; however, whether the multiple biological toxicity of iron （Fe） exposure could be transferred to progeny remains unknown. The present study used Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities of iron exposure and their possible transferable properties. Methods Three concentrations of iron sulfate solution （2.5μmol/L, 75μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L） were used. The endpoints of lifespan, body size, generation time, brood size, head thrash and body bend frequencies, and chemotaxis plasticity were selected to investigate Fe toxicity and its effect on progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results The Fe toxicity could cause multiple biological defects in a dose-dependent manner by affecting different endpoints in nematodes. Most of the multiple biological defects and behavior toxicities could be transferred from Fe-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans to their progeny. Compared to the parents, no recovery phenotypes were observed for some of the defects in the progeny, such as body bend frequency and life span. We further summarized the defects caused by Fe exposure into 2 groups according to their transferable properties. Conclusion Our results suggest that Fe exposure could cause multiple biological defects, and most of these severe defects could be transferred from Fe exposed nematodes to their progeny.展开更多
Summary： In order to provide a rational research basis for detection of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimierobial hydrophobie agents and study on the resistant mechanism of multiple transferable resistance...Summary： In order to provide a rational research basis for detection of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimierobial hydrophobie agents and study on the resistant mechanism of multiple transferable resistance （mtr） efflux system, plasmid pET-28a（＋） encoding mtrC gene was constructed and the related target protein was expressed in Escherichia colt （E. cold DE3. The fragments of mtrC gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the standard strains were amplified and cloned into prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a（＋） with restriction endonuelease to construct recombinant pET-mtrC which was verified by restriction endonuelease and DNA sequencing. The recom- binant was transformed into E. coli DE3 to express the protein mtrC induced by IPTG. The results showed mtrC DNA fragment was proved correct through restriction endonuelease and DNA sequencing. hs sequence was 99.5 % homologus to that published on GeneBank （U14993）. A 48.5 kD fusion protein which was induced by IPTG was detected by SDS-PAGE. It was concluded that the construction of prokaryotic expression plasmid of mtrC protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was correct and the fusion protein was successively expressed in E. coli.展开更多
Aluminium-copper hybrid parts, as a substitution to copper parts, result in weight and cost reduction, and are relevant in applications related to the electronic, heating and cooling sector. However, aluminium to copp...Aluminium-copper hybrid parts, as a substitution to copper parts, result in weight and cost reduction, and are relevant in applications related to the electronic, heating and cooling sector. However, aluminium to copper joined by thermal welding processes presents challenges in terms of achieving good joint quality. This is attributed to their dissimilar mechanical and thermal properties which result in large stress gradients during heating. This study investigated joining of aluminium to copper sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state process that uses electromagnetic forces for joining of dissimilar materials. Hybrid sheet welds were obtained for all parameters conditions, selected according to a Taguchi L18 design. The structural and mechanical characteristics were examined and related to the welding parameters by means of a Pareto analysis and response graphs. The welded zone started with a wavy interface with interfacial layers and defects and evolved to a flat interface without interfacial layers. The maximum transferable force depended on the minimum specimen thickness and the strength of the hybrid sheet weld. In case of aluminium sheet thickness reduction, the maximum transferable force was linearly correlated with the aluminium sheet thickness. High quality joints were obtained for no aluminium sheet thickness reduction and for a sheet weld strength which was at least as high as that of the base material. The most effective way to increase the transferable force was to lower the initial gap and to increase the free length, which resulted in no aluminium sheet thickness reduction. Alternatively, the use of a rounded spacer decreased the effect of the aluminium sheet thickness on the transferable force. An increase in weld width was achieved for an increase in capacitor charging energy and gap, whereas an increase in weld length was obtained for a decrease in gap. An increase in weld width did not necessarily result in an increase in the transferable force. In the regarded cases, a 展开更多
ZnO thin films were deposited on graphite substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method with Zn（CH3COO）2·2H2O aqueous solution as precursor. The crystalline structure, morphology, and optical properties of th...ZnO thin films were deposited on graphite substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method with Zn（CH3COO）2·2H2O aqueous solution as precursor. The crystalline structure, morphology, and optical properties of the as-grown ZnO films were investigated systematically as a function of deposition temperature and growth time. Near-band edge ultraviolet （UV） emission was observed in room temperature photoluminescence spectra for the optimized samples, yet the usually observed defect related deep level emissions were nearly undetectable, indicating that high optical quality ZnO thin films could be achieved via this ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Considering the features of transferable and low thermal resistance of the graphite substrates, the achievement will be of special interest for the development of high-power semiconductor devices with sufficient vower durability.展开更多
Lead sulfide(PbS),a typical functional semiconductor material,has attracted serious attention due to its great potential in optoelectronics applications.However,controllable growth of PbS single-crystal film still rem...Lead sulfide(PbS),a typical functional semiconductor material,has attracted serious attention due to its great potential in optoelectronics applications.However,controllable growth of PbS single-crystal film still remains a great challenge.Here,we report heteroepitaxial growth of large-scale highly crystalline PbS films on alkali salt(NaCl and KCl)substrates via chemical vapor deposition(CVD).Structural characterizations demonstrate that the as-grown PbS films exhibit an atomically sharp interface with the underlying substrates.The epitaxial relationships between the epilayers and substrates were determined to be PbS(100)//NaCl(100)or KCl(100),PbS[010]//NaCl[010]or KCl[010].Owing to the high solubility of alkali salt,the epitaxial PbS films can be rapidly released from the underlying substrates and transferred to other substrates of interest while maintaining good integrity and crystallinity,the process of which is particularly attractive in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics.Furthermore,photodetectors based on the transferred PbS films were fabricated,exhibiting a high photoresponsivity of 7.5 A/W,a detectivity of 1.44×10^(12)Jones,and a rapid response time of approximately 0.25 s.This work sheds light on the batch production,green transfer,and optoelectronic application of PbS films.展开更多
An endemic multi-drug resistant ST117 E. coil isolate coproducing MCR-I and 3 ESBL loci was, for the first time, detected from diseased chicken, Liaoning Province, in Northeast China, from 2011 to 2012. Whole- genome ...An endemic multi-drug resistant ST117 E. coil isolate coproducing MCR-I and 3 ESBL loci was, for the first time, detected from diseased chicken, Liaoning Province, in Northeast China, from 2011 to 2012. Whole- genome sequencing revealed 5 unique plasmids, namely pHXH-1, pHXH-2, pHXH-3, pHXH-4 and pHXH- 5）. Among them, pHXHI and pHXH4 encode ESBL, and pHXH-5 mediates MCR-1 colistin resistance. The results indicate that the potentially-national dissemination of MCR-l-positive pathogens with pan-drug resistance proceeds via food chains.展开更多
Based on a new idea for research on cycling of marine biogenic elements, this study showed that only the leachable form phosphorus in natural grain sizes marine sediments constitutes the transferable phosphorous in th...Based on a new idea for research on cycling of marine biogenic elements, this study showed that only the leachable form phosphorus in natural grain sizes marine sediments constitutes the transferable phosphorous in the sediments. The transferable phosphorus content in the natural grain sizes surface sediments in the Huanghe River estuary adjacent waters ranges from 58.5-69.8 μg/g, accounting for only 9.1%-11.0% of the total phosphorus content, whereas the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus content in the sediment after it was totally ground into powder was found to be 454.8-529.2 μg/g, accounting for 73.4%-89.1% of the total phosphorus. Analysis of the correlation between the biomass of benthos and the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus showed that most of the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus in the totally ground sediment did not participate in the marine biogeochemical cycling. Furthermore, a synchronous survey on benthos showed that the biomass of meio and macro benthos exhibited good positive correlation with the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediment, but poorer correlation with the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus in the totally ground sediment, indicating that transferable phosphorus in marine sediment is the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediments, and is not the previously known leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus obtained from the totally ground sediment.展开更多
It is well established that at the university,one forms the critical spirit,the spirit of analysis and the spirit of synthesis.What we advocate is a spirit of evaluation.The process we followed is part of a problemati...It is well established that at the university,one forms the critical spirit,the spirit of analysis and the spirit of synthesis.What we advocate is a spirit of evaluation.The process we followed is part of a problematic of teaching French and especially in didactics of writing.We have implemented an experimental device in our teaching practice.This is the dynamic evaluation.This evaluation allows the measurement of the initial level of achievement of a written production.And also the introduction of elements likely to help the subject to modify his usual strategies involved in the realization of a failed written production.But above all the appreciation of the way new strategies are involved.It is a four-phase experience that lasted a whole year.We first put our sample audience to a pre-test;with them,we determined the teaching objectives;then we set up the training workshops for the dynamic assessment,and finally we closed the process with a final test of measurement and evaluation.Two questionnaires were used and an observation grid.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Southeast University Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(No.4023001013)
文摘Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified. In the present study, we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties. The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span, development, reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes. Moreover, most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents, such as the body sizes and mean life spans. We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns. That is, the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely, or partially, or became even more severe in progeny animals. Therefore, our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects, and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C. elegans.
基金supported by the Key Project of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No. 08JC1418900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20777055)the National Major Science and Technology Project:Water Pollution Control and Management(No. 2008ZX07421-001)
文摘Sulfamethoxazole （SMX） is one of the most common detected antibiotics in the environment. In order to study whether SMX can affect behavior and growth and whether these effects could be transferred to the progeny, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, respectively. After exposure, the exposed parent generation （P0） was measured for behavior and growth indicators, which were presented as percentage of controls （POC）. Then their corresponding unexposed progeny （F1） was separated and measured for the same indicators. The lowest POC for P0 after 96 hr-exposure at 100 mg/L were 37.8%, 12.7%, 45.8% and 70.l% for body bending frequency （BBF）, reversal movement （RM）, Omega turns （OT） and body length （BL）, respectively. And F1 suffered defects with the lowest POC as 55.8%, 24.1%, 48.5% and 60.7% for BBF, RM, OT and BL, respectively. Defects in both P0 and F1 showed a time- and concentration-dependent fashion and behavior indicators showed better sensitivity than growth indicator. The observed effects on F1 demonstrated the transferable properties of SMX. Defects of SMX at environmental concentrations suggested that it is necessary to perform further systematical studies on its ecological risk in actual conditions.
基金This projectis supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China( No.79930 90 0 )
文摘In this paper, aggregation question based on group decision making and a single decision making is studied. The theory of entropy is applied to the sets pair analysis. The system of relation entropy and the transferable entropy notion are put. The character is studied. An potential by the relation entropy and transferable entropy are defined. It is the consistency measure on the group between a single decision making. We gained a new aggregation effective definition on the group misjudge.
基金the China National Science Foundation (70633002)the Chinese Ministry of Science+3 种基金Technology Key Technologies R&D Program (2006 BAJI1B06)the Chinese Academy of Science Innovation project (KSCX2-YW-N-039)the Lincoln Institute of LPolicy for generous financial support
文摘China＇ s state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non-agricultural use and the supplement of new agricultural land, has substantially constrained the economic growth of industrial provinces in China. This article explores the innovative reforms adopted by Zhejiang Province through land development rights （LDR） transfer within a locality and LDR trading across localities. We argue that there is a ＂Zhejiang model of LDR transferring and trading,＂ which, we believe, has significant implications not only for fostering an efficiency-enhancing market for land development rights and agricultural land preservation, but also for optimal use of land and a more balanced regional development. One important policy issue relating to China＇s rural land system is that under China＇ s land requisition system, farmers are usually under compensated for urban land-taking.
基金supported by the Southeast University Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars (No. 4023001013).
文摘Objective Previous work has showed that excess iron accumulation is harrnftd to reproduction and even promotes death; however, whether the multiple biological toxicity of iron （Fe） exposure could be transferred to progeny remains unknown. The present study used Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities of iron exposure and their possible transferable properties. Methods Three concentrations of iron sulfate solution （2.5μmol/L, 75μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L） were used. The endpoints of lifespan, body size, generation time, brood size, head thrash and body bend frequencies, and chemotaxis plasticity were selected to investigate Fe toxicity and its effect on progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results The Fe toxicity could cause multiple biological defects in a dose-dependent manner by affecting different endpoints in nematodes. Most of the multiple biological defects and behavior toxicities could be transferred from Fe-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans to their progeny. Compared to the parents, no recovery phenotypes were observed for some of the defects in the progeny, such as body bend frequency and life span. We further summarized the defects caused by Fe exposure into 2 groups according to their transferable properties. Conclusion Our results suggest that Fe exposure could cause multiple biological defects, and most of these severe defects could be transferred from Fe exposed nematodes to their progeny.
文摘Summary： In order to provide a rational research basis for detection of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimierobial hydrophobie agents and study on the resistant mechanism of multiple transferable resistance （mtr） efflux system, plasmid pET-28a（＋） encoding mtrC gene was constructed and the related target protein was expressed in Escherichia colt （E. cold DE3. The fragments of mtrC gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the standard strains were amplified and cloned into prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-28a（＋） with restriction endonuelease to construct recombinant pET-mtrC which was verified by restriction endonuelease and DNA sequencing. The recom- binant was transformed into E. coli DE3 to express the protein mtrC induced by IPTG. The results showed mtrC DNA fragment was proved correct through restriction endonuelease and DNA sequencing. hs sequence was 99.5 % homologus to that published on GeneBank （U14993）. A 48.5 kD fusion protein which was induced by IPTG was detected by SDS-PAGE. It was concluded that the construction of prokaryotic expression plasmid of mtrC protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was correct and the fusion protein was successively expressed in E. coli.
文摘Aluminium-copper hybrid parts, as a substitution to copper parts, result in weight and cost reduction, and are relevant in applications related to the electronic, heating and cooling sector. However, aluminium to copper joined by thermal welding processes presents challenges in terms of achieving good joint quality. This is attributed to their dissimilar mechanical and thermal properties which result in large stress gradients during heating. This study investigated joining of aluminium to copper sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state process that uses electromagnetic forces for joining of dissimilar materials. Hybrid sheet welds were obtained for all parameters conditions, selected according to a Taguchi L18 design. The structural and mechanical characteristics were examined and related to the welding parameters by means of a Pareto analysis and response graphs. The welded zone started with a wavy interface with interfacial layers and defects and evolved to a flat interface without interfacial layers. The maximum transferable force depended on the minimum specimen thickness and the strength of the hybrid sheet weld. In case of aluminium sheet thickness reduction, the maximum transferable force was linearly correlated with the aluminium sheet thickness. High quality joints were obtained for no aluminium sheet thickness reduction and for a sheet weld strength which was at least as high as that of the base material. The most effective way to increase the transferable force was to lower the initial gap and to increase the free length, which resulted in no aluminium sheet thickness reduction. Alternatively, the use of a rounded spacer decreased the effect of the aluminium sheet thickness on the transferable force. An increase in weld width was achieved for an increase in capacitor charging energy and gap, whereas an increase in weld length was obtained for a decrease in gap. An increase in weld width did not necessarily result in an increase in the transferable force. In the regarded cases, a
基金Funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT12ZD(G)01)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KLICM-2012-01)
文摘ZnO thin films were deposited on graphite substrates by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method with Zn（CH3COO）2·2H2O aqueous solution as precursor. The crystalline structure, morphology, and optical properties of the as-grown ZnO films were investigated systematically as a function of deposition temperature and growth time. Near-band edge ultraviolet （UV） emission was observed in room temperature photoluminescence spectra for the optimized samples, yet the usually observed defect related deep level emissions were nearly undetectable, indicating that high optical quality ZnO thin films could be achieved via this ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Considering the features of transferable and low thermal resistance of the graphite substrates, the achievement will be of special interest for the development of high-power semiconductor devices with sufficient vower durability.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems in Beijing Institute of Technology for the use of FIB and TEM.Financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11704389)the Scientific Equipment Development Project and Youth Innovation Promotion Association Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Lead sulfide(PbS),a typical functional semiconductor material,has attracted serious attention due to its great potential in optoelectronics applications.However,controllable growth of PbS single-crystal film still remains a great challenge.Here,we report heteroepitaxial growth of large-scale highly crystalline PbS films on alkali salt(NaCl and KCl)substrates via chemical vapor deposition(CVD).Structural characterizations demonstrate that the as-grown PbS films exhibit an atomically sharp interface with the underlying substrates.The epitaxial relationships between the epilayers and substrates were determined to be PbS(100)//NaCl(100)or KCl(100),PbS[010]//NaCl[010]or KCl[010].Owing to the high solubility of alkali salt,the epitaxial PbS films can be rapidly released from the underlying substrates and transferred to other substrates of interest while maintaining good integrity and crystallinity,the process of which is particularly attractive in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics.Furthermore,photodetectors based on the transferred PbS films were fabricated,exhibiting a high photoresponsivity of 7.5 A/W,a detectivity of 1.44×10^(12)Jones,and a rapid response time of approximately 0.25 s.This work sheds light on the batch production,green transfer,and optoelectronic application of PbS films.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0500202,YF)National Key Basic Research Program of China (2016YFC1200100,YF)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570027 & 81772142,YF)
文摘An endemic multi-drug resistant ST117 E. coil isolate coproducing MCR-I and 3 ESBL loci was, for the first time, detected from diseased chicken, Liaoning Province, in Northeast China, from 2011 to 2012. Whole- genome sequencing revealed 5 unique plasmids, namely pHXH-1, pHXH-2, pHXH-3, pHXH-4 and pHXH- 5）. Among them, pHXHI and pHXH4 encode ESBL, and pHXH-5 mediates MCR-1 colistin resistance. The results indicate that the potentially-national dissemination of MCR-l-positive pathogens with pan-drug resistance proceeds via food chains.
基金Project 49776300 supported by NSFC49925614 by the NSFC for Outstanding Young Scientists.
文摘Based on a new idea for research on cycling of marine biogenic elements, this study showed that only the leachable form phosphorus in natural grain sizes marine sediments constitutes the transferable phosphorous in the sediments. The transferable phosphorus content in the natural grain sizes surface sediments in the Huanghe River estuary adjacent waters ranges from 58.5-69.8 μg/g, accounting for only 9.1%-11.0% of the total phosphorus content, whereas the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus content in the sediment after it was totally ground into powder was found to be 454.8-529.2 μg/g, accounting for 73.4%-89.1% of the total phosphorus. Analysis of the correlation between the biomass of benthos and the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus showed that most of the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus in the totally ground sediment did not participate in the marine biogeochemical cycling. Furthermore, a synchronous survey on benthos showed that the biomass of meio and macro benthos exhibited good positive correlation with the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediment, but poorer correlation with the leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus in the totally ground sediment, indicating that transferable phosphorus in marine sediment is the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediments, and is not the previously known leachable form (“transferable") phosphorus obtained from the totally ground sediment.
文摘It is well established that at the university,one forms the critical spirit,the spirit of analysis and the spirit of synthesis.What we advocate is a spirit of evaluation.The process we followed is part of a problematic of teaching French and especially in didactics of writing.We have implemented an experimental device in our teaching practice.This is the dynamic evaluation.This evaluation allows the measurement of the initial level of achievement of a written production.And also the introduction of elements likely to help the subject to modify his usual strategies involved in the realization of a failed written production.But above all the appreciation of the way new strategies are involved.It is a four-phase experience that lasted a whole year.We first put our sample audience to a pre-test;with them,we determined the teaching objectives;then we set up the training workshops for the dynamic assessment,and finally we closed the process with a final test of measurement and evaluation.Two questionnaires were used and an observation grid.
