Thin-film composite(TFC) reverse osmosis(RO) membranes are playing the dominating role in desalination.Tremendous efforts have been put in the studies on the polyamide selective layers. However, the effect of the subs...Thin-film composite(TFC) reverse osmosis(RO) membranes are playing the dominating role in desalination.Tremendous efforts have been put in the studies on the polyamide selective layers. However, the effect of the substrate layers is far less concerned. In this review, we summarize the works that consider the impacts of the substrates, including pore sizes, surface hydrophilicity, on the processes of interfacial polymerization and consequently on the morphologies of the active layers and on final RO performances of the composite membranes. All the works indicate that the pore sizes and surface hydrophilicity of the substrate evidently influence the RO performances of the composite membranes. Unfortunately, we find that the observations and understandings on the substrate effect are frequently varied from case to case because of the lack of substrates with uniform pores and surface chemistries. We suggest using track-etched membranes or anodized alumina membranes having relatively uniform pores and functionalizable pore walls as model substrates to elucidate the substrate effect.Moreover, we argue that homoporous membranes derived from block copolymers have the potential to be used as substrates for the large-scale production of high-performances TFC RO membranes.展开更多
To advance commercial application of forward osmosis （FO）, we investigated the effects of two additives on the performance of polysulfone （PSf） based FO membranes： one is poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG）, and anot...To advance commercial application of forward osmosis （FO）, we investigated the effects of two additives on the performance of polysulfone （PSf） based FO membranes： one is poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG）, and another is PSf grafted with PEG methyl ether methacrylate （PSf-g-PEGMA）. PSf blended with PEG or PSf-g- PEGMA was used to form a substrate layer, and then polyamide was formed on a support layer by interfacial polymerization. In this study, NaC1 （1 mol·L^-1） and deionized water were used as the draw solution and the feed solution, respectively. With the increase of PEG content from 0 to 15 wt-%, FO water flux declined by 23.4% to 59.3% compared to a PSf TFC FO membrane. With the increase of PSf-g-PEGMA from 0 to 15 wt-%, the membrane flux showed almost no change at first and then declined by about 52.0% and 50.4%. The PSfwith 5 wt-% PSf-g-PEGMA FO membrane showed a higher pure water flux of 8.74 L·m^-2·h^-1 than the commercial HTI membranes （6-8 L·m^-2·h^-1） under the FO mode. Our study suggests that hydrophobic interface is very important for the formation ofpolyamide, and a small amount of PSf- g-PEGMA can maintain a good condition for the formation of polyamide and reduce internal concentration polarization.展开更多
Membrane gas separation is one of the most promising technologies for the separation of carbon dioxide （CO2） from various gas streams. One application of this technology is the treatment of flue gases from combustio...Membrane gas separation is one of the most promising technologies for the separation of carbon dioxide （CO2） from various gas streams. One application of this technology is the treatment of flue gases from combustion processes for the purpose of carbon capture and storage. For this application, poly（ethylene oxide）-containing block copolymers such as Pebax or PolyActiveTM polymer are well suited. The thin-film composite membrane that is considered in this overview employs PolyActiveTM polymer as a selective layer material. The membrane shows excellent CO2 permeances of up to 4 m^3（STP）.（m^2·h·bar）^-1 （1 bar = 105 Pa） at a carbon dioxide/nitrogen （CO2/N2） selectivity exceeding 55 at ambient temperature. The membrane can be manufactured reproducibly on a pilot scale and mounted into fiat-sheet membrane modules of different designs. The operating performance of these modules can be accurately predicted by specifically developed simulation tools, which employ single-gas permeation data as the only experimental input. The performance of membranes and modules was investigated in different pilot plant studies, in which flue gas and biogas were used as the feed gas streams. The investigated processes showed a stable separation performance, indicating the applicability of PolyActiveTM polymer as a membrane material for industrialscale gas processing.展开更多
Polyamide(PA)-based thin-film composite membranes exhibit enormous potential in water purification,owing to their facile fabrication,decent performance and desirable stability.However,the thick PA active layer with hi...Polyamide(PA)-based thin-film composite membranes exhibit enormous potential in water purification,owing to their facile fabrication,decent performance and desirable stability.However,the thick PA active layer with high transport resistance from the conventional interfacial polymerization hampers their applications.The controllable fabrication of a thin PA active layer is essential for high separation efficiency but still challenging.Herein,a covalent organic framework TpPa-1 interlayer was firstly deposited on a polyethersulfone(PES)substrate to reduce the thickness of PA active layer in interfacial polymerization.The abundant pores of TpPa-1 increase the local concentration of amine monomers by adsorbing piperazine molecules,while hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic groups of TpPa-1 and piperazine molecules slow down their diffusion rate.Arising from those synergetic effects,the PA active layer is effectively reduced from 200 nm to 120 nm.By optimizing TpPa-1 interlayer and PA active layer,the water flux of resultant membranes can reach 171.35 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1,which increased by 125.4%compared with PA/PES membranes,while the rejection rates of sodium sulfate and dyes solution remained more than 90%and 99%,respectively.Our strategy may stimulate rational design of ultrathin PA-based nanofiltration membranes with high performances.展开更多
Thin film p-side up vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)with 940 nm wavelength on a composite metal(Copper/Invar/Copper;CIC)substrate has been demonstrated by twice-bonding transfer and substrate removing t...Thin film p-side up vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)with 940 nm wavelength on a composite metal(Copper/Invar/Copper;CIC)substrate has been demonstrated by twice-bonding transfer and substrate removing techniques.The CIC substrate is a sandwich structure with a 10µm thick Copper(Cu)layer/30µm thick Invar layer/10µm thick Cu layer.The Invar layer was composed of Iron(Fe)and Nickel(Ni)with a proportion of 70:30.The thermal expansion coefcient of the composite CIC metal can match that of the GaAs substrate.It results that the VCSEL layers can be successfully transferred to CIC metal substrate without cracking.At 1 mA current,the top-emitting VCSEL/GaAs and thin-flm VCSEL/CIC had a voltage of 1.39 and 1.37 V,respectively.The optical output powers of VCSEL/GaAs and VCSEL/CIC were 21.91 and 24.40 mW,respectively.The 50µm thick CIC substrate can play a good heat dissipation function,which results in improving the electrical and optical characteristics of thin flm VCSELs/CIC.The VCSEL/CIC exhibited a superior thermal management capability as compared with VCSEL/GaAs.The obtained data suggested that VCSELs on a composite metal substrate not only afected signifcantly the characteristics of thin film VCSEL,but also improved considerably the device thermal performance.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is greenhouse gas which originates primarily as a main combustion product of biogas and landfill gas. To separate this gas, an inside coated thin film composite(TFC) hollow fiber membrane was deve...Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is greenhouse gas which originates primarily as a main combustion product of biogas and landfill gas. To separate this gas, an inside coated thin film composite(TFC) hollow fiber membrane was developed by interfacial polymerization between 1,3–cyclohexanebis–methylamine(CHMA) and trimesoyl chloride(TMC). ATR-FTIR, SEM and AFM were used to characterize the active thin layer formed inside the PSf hollow fiber. The separation behavior of the CHMA-TMC/PSf membrane was scrutinized by studying various effects like feed gas pressure and temperature. Furthermore, the influence of CHMA concentration and TMC concentration on membrane morphology and performance were investigated. As a result, it was found that mutually the CHMA concentration and TMC concentration play key roles in determining membrane morphology and performance. Moreover, the CHMA-TMC/PSf composite membrane showed good CO_2/CH_4 separation performance. For CO_2/CH_4 mixture gas(30/70 by volume) test, the membrane(PD1 prepared by CHMA 1.0% and TMC 0.5%) showed a CO_2 permeance of 25 GPU and the best CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 28 at stage cut of 0.1. The high CO_2/CH_4 separation performance of CHMA-TMC/PSf thin film composite membrane was mostly accredited to the thin film thickness and the properties of binary amino groups.展开更多
Chemistry of the polyamide active layer of a desalination membrane is critical in determining both its physical and chemical properties.In this study,we designed and fabricated three novel membranes with different act...Chemistry of the polyamide active layer of a desalination membrane is critical in determining both its physical and chemical properties.In this study,we designed and fabricated three novel membranes with different active layers using the crosslinkers:terephthaloyl chloride,isophthaloyl chloride,and trimesoyl chloride.The crosslinkers were reacted with an aqueous solution of an aliphatic tetra-amine.Because these crosslinkers differ in their structures and crosslinking mechanisms during interfacial polymerization,the resultant membranes also possess different structural properties.The water contact angle of the fabricated membranes also varies;the water contact angles of 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,are 68.9°,65.6°,and 53.9°,respectively.Similarly,the desalination performance of resultant membranes also showed variations,with 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET having a permeate flux of 17.14,25.70,and 30.90 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1),respectively,at 2.5 MPa.The 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET membrane exhibited extensive crosslinking with aliphatic linear amine,and cationic dye rhodamine B,MgCl_(2),and amitriptyline rejection rates of 98.6%,92.7%and 80.9%,respectively.The 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET membrane showed mediocre performance,while 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET membrane showed even lower performance,with a 35%rejection of methyl orange dye.展开更多
To improve operation efficiency,an interlayered thin-film composite forward osmosis(iTFC-FO)membrane was designed by introducing an ultrathin and porous interlayer based on aluminum tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(a ...To improve operation efficiency,an interlayered thin-film composite forward osmosis(iTFC-FO)membrane was designed by introducing an ultrathin and porous interlayer based on aluminum tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(a stable metal-organic framework nanosheet,Al-MOF).Surface characterization results revealed that Al-MoF spread evenly in the macro-porous substrate,and provided a flat and smooth reaction interface with moderate hydrophilicity and uniform small aperture.The resultant polyamide(PA)layer had a thin base(without intrusion into substrate)and crumpled surface(with abundant leaves).The leaves size and cross-linking degree of PA layer firstly increased and then decreased with the Al-MOF loading.Compared to the original membrane,the iTFC-FO showed an enhanced water permeability and a reduced reverse sodium flux in both modes of active layer facing feed solution(ALFS)and active layer facing draw solution(AL-DS).To be specific,the specific reverse sodium flux(reverse sodium flux/pure water flux)decreased from 0.27 g/L to 0.04 g/L in the AL-FS mode,while from 1.36 g/L to 0.23 g/L in the AL-DS mode with 2 mol/L NaCl as DS.Moreover,the iTFC-FO maintained high stability and high permeability under high-salinity and contaminated environment.This study offers a new possibility for the rational fabrication of high-performance TFC-FO membranes.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB655301)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20150063)the Project of Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘Thin-film composite(TFC) reverse osmosis(RO) membranes are playing the dominating role in desalination.Tremendous efforts have been put in the studies on the polyamide selective layers. However, the effect of the substrate layers is far less concerned. In this review, we summarize the works that consider the impacts of the substrates, including pore sizes, surface hydrophilicity, on the processes of interfacial polymerization and consequently on the morphologies of the active layers and on final RO performances of the composite membranes. All the works indicate that the pore sizes and surface hydrophilicity of the substrate evidently influence the RO performances of the composite membranes. Unfortunately, we find that the observations and understandings on the substrate effect are frequently varied from case to case because of the lack of substrates with uniform pores and surface chemistries. We suggest using track-etched membranes or anodized alumina membranes having relatively uniform pores and functionalizable pore walls as model substrates to elucidate the substrate effect.Moreover, we argue that homoporous membranes derived from block copolymers have the potential to be used as substrates for the large-scale production of high-performances TFC RO membranes.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 51278317）. We would like to express our special thanks to Prof. Elimelech and his group members at Yale University （New Haven, CN, USA） for guidance on FO experimental setups and interfacial polymerization.
文摘To advance commercial application of forward osmosis （FO）, we investigated the effects of two additives on the performance of polysulfone （PSf） based FO membranes： one is poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG）, and another is PSf grafted with PEG methyl ether methacrylate （PSf-g-PEGMA）. PSf blended with PEG or PSf-g- PEGMA was used to form a substrate layer, and then polyamide was formed on a support layer by interfacial polymerization. In this study, NaC1 （1 mol·L^-1） and deionized water were used as the draw solution and the feed solution, respectively. With the increase of PEG content from 0 to 15 wt-%, FO water flux declined by 23.4% to 59.3% compared to a PSf TFC FO membrane. With the increase of PSf-g-PEGMA from 0 to 15 wt-%, the membrane flux showed almost no change at first and then declined by about 52.0% and 50.4%. The PSfwith 5 wt-% PSf-g-PEGMA FO membrane showed a higher pure water flux of 8.74 L·m^-2·h^-1 than the commercial HTI membranes （6-8 L·m^-2·h^-1） under the FO mode. Our study suggests that hydrophobic interface is very important for the formation ofpolyamide, and a small amount of PSf- g-PEGMA can maintain a good condition for the formation of polyamide and reduce internal concentration polarization.
基金funded by the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centersthe funding given by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy to finance the research project METPORE Ⅱ (03ET2016)+2 种基金the METPORE Ⅱ project partnersSSC Strategic Science Consult GmbHBORSIG Membrane Technology GmbH
文摘Membrane gas separation is one of the most promising technologies for the separation of carbon dioxide （CO2） from various gas streams. One application of this technology is the treatment of flue gases from combustion processes for the purpose of carbon capture and storage. For this application, poly（ethylene oxide）-containing block copolymers such as Pebax or PolyActiveTM polymer are well suited. The thin-film composite membrane that is considered in this overview employs PolyActiveTM polymer as a selective layer material. The membrane shows excellent CO2 permeances of up to 4 m^3（STP）.（m^2·h·bar）^-1 （1 bar = 105 Pa） at a carbon dioxide/nitrogen （CO2/N2） selectivity exceeding 55 at ambient temperature. The membrane can be manufactured reproducibly on a pilot scale and mounted into fiat-sheet membrane modules of different designs. The operating performance of these modules can be accurately predicted by specifically developed simulation tools, which employ single-gas permeation data as the only experimental input. The performance of membranes and modules was investigated in different pilot plant studies, in which flue gas and biogas were used as the feed gas streams. The investigated processes showed a stable separation performance, indicating the applicability of PolyActiveTM polymer as a membrane material for industrialscale gas processing.
基金supported by the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control(Grant No.PPC2017014)CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology。
文摘Polyamide(PA)-based thin-film composite membranes exhibit enormous potential in water purification,owing to their facile fabrication,decent performance and desirable stability.However,the thick PA active layer with high transport resistance from the conventional interfacial polymerization hampers their applications.The controllable fabrication of a thin PA active layer is essential for high separation efficiency but still challenging.Herein,a covalent organic framework TpPa-1 interlayer was firstly deposited on a polyethersulfone(PES)substrate to reduce the thickness of PA active layer in interfacial polymerization.The abundant pores of TpPa-1 increase the local concentration of amine monomers by adsorbing piperazine molecules,while hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic groups of TpPa-1 and piperazine molecules slow down their diffusion rate.Arising from those synergetic effects,the PA active layer is effectively reduced from 200 nm to 120 nm.By optimizing TpPa-1 interlayer and PA active layer,the water flux of resultant membranes can reach 171.35 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1,which increased by 125.4%compared with PA/PES membranes,while the rejection rates of sodium sulfate and dyes solution remained more than 90%and 99%,respectively.Our strategy may stimulate rational design of ultrathin PA-based nanofiltration membranes with high performances.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Council,Taiwan,China under the grants NSTC 109-2634-F-009-028,110-2224-E-A49-003,111-2634-F-A49-007,and 111-2218-E-A49-019-MBK,Ingentec Corp.and the Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science of Yang Ming Chiao Tung University from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project(Taiwan,China)funding and material measurement support(grant number:2022-T-018)and we thank Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute for facilities supporting.
文摘Thin film p-side up vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)with 940 nm wavelength on a composite metal(Copper/Invar/Copper;CIC)substrate has been demonstrated by twice-bonding transfer and substrate removing techniques.The CIC substrate is a sandwich structure with a 10µm thick Copper(Cu)layer/30µm thick Invar layer/10µm thick Cu layer.The Invar layer was composed of Iron(Fe)and Nickel(Ni)with a proportion of 70:30.The thermal expansion coefcient of the composite CIC metal can match that of the GaAs substrate.It results that the VCSEL layers can be successfully transferred to CIC metal substrate without cracking.At 1 mA current,the top-emitting VCSEL/GaAs and thin-flm VCSEL/CIC had a voltage of 1.39 and 1.37 V,respectively.The optical output powers of VCSEL/GaAs and VCSEL/CIC were 21.91 and 24.40 mW,respectively.The 50µm thick CIC substrate can play a good heat dissipation function,which results in improving the electrical and optical characteristics of thin flm VCSELs/CIC.The VCSEL/CIC exhibited a superior thermal management capability as compared with VCSEL/GaAs.The obtained data suggested that VCSELs on a composite metal substrate not only afected signifcantly the characteristics of thin film VCSEL,but also improved considerably the device thermal performance.
基金Supported by the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIP)(No.CRC-15-07-KIER)
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is greenhouse gas which originates primarily as a main combustion product of biogas and landfill gas. To separate this gas, an inside coated thin film composite(TFC) hollow fiber membrane was developed by interfacial polymerization between 1,3–cyclohexanebis–methylamine(CHMA) and trimesoyl chloride(TMC). ATR-FTIR, SEM and AFM were used to characterize the active thin layer formed inside the PSf hollow fiber. The separation behavior of the CHMA-TMC/PSf membrane was scrutinized by studying various effects like feed gas pressure and temperature. Furthermore, the influence of CHMA concentration and TMC concentration on membrane morphology and performance were investigated. As a result, it was found that mutually the CHMA concentration and TMC concentration play key roles in determining membrane morphology and performance. Moreover, the CHMA-TMC/PSf composite membrane showed good CO_2/CH_4 separation performance. For CO_2/CH_4 mixture gas(30/70 by volume) test, the membrane(PD1 prepared by CHMA 1.0% and TMC 0.5%) showed a CO_2 permeance of 25 GPU and the best CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 28 at stage cut of 0.1. The high CO_2/CH_4 separation performance of CHMA-TMC/PSf thin film composite membrane was mostly accredited to the thin film thickness and the properties of binary amino groups.
基金gratefully appreciate the support offered by the KFUPM Fund received from Mr.Al-Bin Saleh donated through project MWS-90130027 to the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Chemistry of the polyamide active layer of a desalination membrane is critical in determining both its physical and chemical properties.In this study,we designed and fabricated three novel membranes with different active layers using the crosslinkers:terephthaloyl chloride,isophthaloyl chloride,and trimesoyl chloride.The crosslinkers were reacted with an aqueous solution of an aliphatic tetra-amine.Because these crosslinkers differ in their structures and crosslinking mechanisms during interfacial polymerization,the resultant membranes also possess different structural properties.The water contact angle of the fabricated membranes also varies;the water contact angles of 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,are 68.9°,65.6°,and 53.9°,respectively.Similarly,the desalination performance of resultant membranes also showed variations,with 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET having a permeate flux of 17.14,25.70,and 30.90 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1),respectively,at 2.5 MPa.The 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET membrane exhibited extensive crosslinking with aliphatic linear amine,and cationic dye rhodamine B,MgCl_(2),and amitriptyline rejection rates of 98.6%,92.7%and 80.9%,respectively.The 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET membrane showed mediocre performance,while 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET membrane showed even lower performance,with a 35%rejection of methyl orange dye.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52100089 and 51978312)the Program to Cultivate Middle-aged and Young Science Leaders of Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province and Youth Fund of Basic Research Program of Jiangnan University(No.JUSRP121058).
文摘To improve operation efficiency,an interlayered thin-film composite forward osmosis(iTFC-FO)membrane was designed by introducing an ultrathin and porous interlayer based on aluminum tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin(a stable metal-organic framework nanosheet,Al-MOF).Surface characterization results revealed that Al-MoF spread evenly in the macro-porous substrate,and provided a flat and smooth reaction interface with moderate hydrophilicity and uniform small aperture.The resultant polyamide(PA)layer had a thin base(without intrusion into substrate)and crumpled surface(with abundant leaves).The leaves size and cross-linking degree of PA layer firstly increased and then decreased with the Al-MOF loading.Compared to the original membrane,the iTFC-FO showed an enhanced water permeability and a reduced reverse sodium flux in both modes of active layer facing feed solution(ALFS)and active layer facing draw solution(AL-DS).To be specific,the specific reverse sodium flux(reverse sodium flux/pure water flux)decreased from 0.27 g/L to 0.04 g/L in the AL-FS mode,while from 1.36 g/L to 0.23 g/L in the AL-DS mode with 2 mol/L NaCl as DS.Moreover,the iTFC-FO maintained high stability and high permeability under high-salinity and contaminated environment.This study offers a new possibility for the rational fabrication of high-performance TFC-FO membranes.
