Background ＂Vision 2020＂ was initiated in 1999 and many relevant activities are ongoing, but little information is available on what it has achieved and what constraints it faces. It is not yet clear if funding is t...Background ＂Vision 2020＂ was initiated in 1999 and many relevant activities are ongoing, but little information is available on what it has achieved and what constraints it faces. It is not yet clear if funding is the most important constraint. Nepal is one of the underdeveloped countries, but an advanced country in preventing avoidable blindness. The aim of this study was to compare the situation in China and in Nepal in prevention of avoidable blindness. Methods Data from literature review and a field visit were combined. All statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS Version 11.5. The chi-square test was used for comparisons involving categorical variables. Results The blindness rate is higher in Nepal than that in China （P〈0.05）. The average number of cataract operations performed by one ophthalmologist is much lower in China than in Nepal. The cataract surgical rate （CSR） is much lower in China than in Nepal （P〈0.001）. High cost of the surgery and inadequate qualifications of human resources were found in China. Cataract surgical outcome in China compared well with international standards. Conclusions Progress towards the ＂Vision 2020＂ target in China is much slower than that in Nepal. Further attention to address this issue is urgently needed.展开更多
Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a product of the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with Chinese realities and the primary stage of socialism in China, marked by reform and opening up. In this stage ...Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a product of the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with Chinese realities and the primary stage of socialism in China, marked by reform and opening up. In this stage capital and market exist and play important roles and capitalism is utilized for the Chinese modernization drive under the leadership of the Communist Party. With changes in historical conditions, the ideal of scientific socialism raised by Marx and Engels is confronted with a lot of challenges. It is the historical mission of Chinese Marxists to take up the gauntlet in response to these challenges and solve the historical enigma of human development in contemporary society.展开更多
In recent years,self-supervised learning which does not require a large number of manual labels generate supervised signals through the data itself to attain the characterization learning of samples.Self-supervised le...In recent years,self-supervised learning which does not require a large number of manual labels generate supervised signals through the data itself to attain the characterization learning of samples.Self-supervised learning solves the problem of learning semantic features from unlabeled data,and realizes pre-training of models in large data sets.Its significant advantages have been extensively studied by scholars in recent years.There are usually three types of self-supervised learning:"Generative,Contrastive,and GeneTative-Contrastive."The model of the comparative learning method is relatively simple,and the performance of the current downstream task is comparable to that of the supervised learning method.Therefore,we propose a conceptual analysis framework:data augmentation pipeline,architectures,pretext tasks,comparison methods,semisupervised fine-tuning.Based on this conceptual framework,we qualitatively analyze the existing comparative self-supervised learning methods for computer vision,and then further analyze its performance at different stages,and finally summarize the research status of sei supervised comparative learning methods in other fields.展开更多
文摘Background ＂Vision 2020＂ was initiated in 1999 and many relevant activities are ongoing, but little information is available on what it has achieved and what constraints it faces. It is not yet clear if funding is the most important constraint. Nepal is one of the underdeveloped countries, but an advanced country in preventing avoidable blindness. The aim of this study was to compare the situation in China and in Nepal in prevention of avoidable blindness. Methods Data from literature review and a field visit were combined. All statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS Version 11.5. The chi-square test was used for comparisons involving categorical variables. Results The blindness rate is higher in Nepal than that in China （P〈0.05）. The average number of cataract operations performed by one ophthalmologist is much lower in China than in Nepal. The cataract surgical rate （CSR） is much lower in China than in Nepal （P〈0.001）. High cost of the surgery and inadequate qualifications of human resources were found in China. Cataract surgical outcome in China compared well with international standards. Conclusions Progress towards the ＂Vision 2020＂ target in China is much slower than that in Nepal. Further attention to address this issue is urgently needed.
文摘Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a product of the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with Chinese realities and the primary stage of socialism in China, marked by reform and opening up. In this stage capital and market exist and play important roles and capitalism is utilized for the Chinese modernization drive under the leadership of the Communist Party. With changes in historical conditions, the ideal of scientific socialism raised by Marx and Engels is confronted with a lot of challenges. It is the historical mission of Chinese Marxists to take up the gauntlet in response to these challenges and solve the historical enigma of human development in contemporary society.
文摘In recent years,self-supervised learning which does not require a large number of manual labels generate supervised signals through the data itself to attain the characterization learning of samples.Self-supervised learning solves the problem of learning semantic features from unlabeled data,and realizes pre-training of models in large data sets.Its significant advantages have been extensively studied by scholars in recent years.There are usually three types of self-supervised learning:"Generative,Contrastive,and GeneTative-Contrastive."The model of the comparative learning method is relatively simple,and the performance of the current downstream task is comparable to that of the supervised learning method.Therefore,we propose a conceptual analysis framework:data augmentation pipeline,architectures,pretext tasks,comparison methods,semisupervised fine-tuning.Based on this conceptual framework,we qualitatively analyze the existing comparative self-supervised learning methods for computer vision,and then further analyze its performance at different stages,and finally summarize the research status of sei supervised comparative learning methods in other fields.
